Air warfare branch of Jordan's military
Royal Jordanian Air ForceRoyal Jordanian Air Force emblem
Founded 25 September 1955; 69 years ago (1955-09-25) Country Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Type Air Force Role Aerial warfare, Air defense, and Counter-insurgency SizeMilitary unit
The Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF; Arabic: سلاح الجو الملكي الأردني, Silāḥ al-Jaww al-Malakī al-ʾUrdunī) is the aerial warfare branch of the Jordanian Armed Forces. Founded in 1955,[4] the RJAF serves as the primary air defense organization in Jordan, with the mission of defending the nation’s airspace, providing ground support, and contributing to the broader national security strategy.[5] Its role has expanded over the years from purely defensive operations to include Peacekeeping,[6] humanitarian support,[7] and active participation in regional coalitions.[8]
Headquartered in Amman, the RJAF operates a variety of advanced fighter aircraft, helicopters, and transport aircraft, with bases strategically positioned across Jordan.[9] Since its establishment, the RJAF has undergone significant modernization efforts, enhancing its capabilities to address evolving security challenges.[10] The force also collaborates closely with international allies, including the United States[11] and several NATO countries, engaging in joint training exercises and defense partnerships.[12]
The RJAF has earned a respected position within the Middle East due to its skilled personnel and its contributions to stability and security in the region.[13] With a focus on training and technological advancement, the RJAF continues to enhance its readiness and operational capabilities, representing a critical component of Jordan’s defense infrastructure.[14]
To Protect and Defend the Sovereignty and Integrity of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
The Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) is dedicated to safeguarding Jordan’s airspace and supporting both national defense and humanitarian missions. Over the years, the RJAF has broadened its role to include regional assistance, humanitarian airlifts, and international peacekeeping efforts. The following outlines the key components of the RJAF’s mission, extended responsibilities, and recent involvement in humanitarian operations.
Core mission components[edit]The RJAF’s mission includes essential support roles beyond its core defense responsibilities. These tasks encompass:
The RJAF has played an increasingly active role in peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance. Despite limited resources, Jordan has committed its air force to peacekeeping operations and humanitarian missions across various continents. In 1994, the RJAF began participating in United Nations airlift operations, supporting Jordanian troops on peacekeeping assignments. As of recent years, the RJAF has logged over 200 flight hours in peacekeeping support worldwide.[18]
Early foundations and British influence (1931–1955)[edit] A de Havilland Vampire FB.6 illustrating the markings of the Royal Jordanian Air ForceJordan gained independence in 1946, but its first air bases were established as early as 1931 by the Royal Air Force to protect British interests and maintain stability in the region.[19] Initially, Jordan’s air defense was limited to observation and reconnaissance, with British personnel assisting in the development of this early force. By 1948, Jordan began forming a small air unit known as the Arab Legion Air Force (ALAF), with assistance from the RAF in terms of training and equipment. The ALAF's primary fighter aircraft was the de Havilland Vampire, a British jet fighter, and a Vickers VC.1 Viking was used as a VIP transport for the King of Jordan.[20]
In 1955, King Hussein recognized the need for a more autonomous and capable air force as part of Jordan’s modernization goals, officially establishing the RJAF on 25 September 1955.[21] The same year, Jordan received its first modern training aircraft from the United Kingdom, solidifying early efforts in pilot training and technical skills. By 1958, British forces had fully departed Jordan, and the RJAF assumed complete control over the nation’s airfields, marking a shift toward self-reliance.[22]
The Six-Day War and aftermath (1960s)[edit]In the early 1960s, the RJAF expanded its capabilities with the acquisition of Hawker Hunter aircraft for air defense, strengthening Jordan's combat abilities as regional tensions mounted.[23] In December 1964, the RJAF engaged in a notable air combat incident over the West Bank, where four Israeli Air Force Mirages encountered RJAF Hunters, resulting in damage to one Mirage with no Jordanian losses.[24] The RJAF’s role during the Six-Day War in 1967 was met with severe challenges as Israeli air raids destroyed most of Jordan’s aircraft on the ground, resulting in the near-total loss of the fleet.[25][26] Despite these losses, the RJAF quickly began efforts to rebuild, receiving assistance from the United Kingdom, which provided additional Hunters and training support.[27]
Modernization and regional alignments (1970s)[edit] Hunter F.58 of the Royal Jordanian Air ForceAfter the heavy losses of the 1967 war, the RJAF undertook substantial modernization efforts. In the early 1970s, it acquired Lockheed F-104 Starfighters from the United States, although these were later deemed unsuitable for Jordan’s defense needs due to their high operational costs and maintenance complexity. By 1977, these were transferred to the Pakistan Air Force, leaving the RJAF to seek alternative solutions.[28]
During this period, the RJAF also procured Northrop F-5 Tiger jets from Iran, as part of Jordan’s strategic alliance with Iran during the Shah’s reign. These aircraft became vital to Jordan’s defense strategy, enabling a higher degree of regional operational capacity.[29] Additionally, the RJAF began using Cessna T-37 Tweets for advanced training, which helped establish a domestic pipeline for skilled pilots and technical staff.[30] In 1975, the RJAF retired its fleet of Hawker Hunters, transferring them to the Omani Air Force after unsuccessful attempts to sell the aircraft elsewhere.[31]
The Iran-Iraq War and continued upgrades (1980s)[edit]Following the Egypt–Israel peace treaty in 1979, the RJAF embarked on further modernization efforts supported by financial aid from several Arab states. The RJAF selected the Dassault Mirage F1 over the General Dynamics F-16/79 to serve as its frontline fighter due to its advanced avionics and agility in air-to-air combat.[32]
During the Iran-Iraq War, Jordan remained a regional ally of Iraq, providing training support for Iraqi pilots. The RJAF participated in joint training exercises, allowing Jordanian and Iraqi pilots to operate side-by-side in combat simulations. However, there is no confirmed evidence that RJAF personnel directly engaged in combat missions.[33] During this period, the RJAF also acquired Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft, which became instrumental in supporting Jordan’s international peacekeeping missions, as well as humanitarian efforts throughout the Middle East and North Africa.[34]
The Gulf War and resource constraints (1990s)[edit]Jordan’s complex political relationship with Iraq during the Gulf War left the RJAF in a difficult position, as Jordan chose not to commit forces to combat. However, the aftermath of the war led to economic strains that impacted the RJAF, resulting in a shift towards modernization through upgrades rather than acquiring new aircraft.[35] In a bid to sustain operational readiness, the RJAF sold seven of its F-5E jets to Singapore, utilizing the proceeds to fund upgrades to its remaining fleet. This included the installation of the AN/APG-67 radar, advanced fire control systems, and upgraded weapons systems, which allowed the F-5s to maintain relevance in modern air combat despite lacking beyond-visual-range capabilities.[36]
By the late 1990s, the RJAF had established itself as a capable regional air force focused on maintaining a balance between operational readiness and cost-effectiveness. Continued support from international allies, including the United States and NATO members, played a significant role in helping Jordan sustain its air defense infrastructure amid limited resources.[37]
Jordanian F-16sFollowing the Gulf War, the Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) initiated a broad modernization program to address regional security challenges and enhance its strategic capabilities. As part of these efforts, Jordan acquired a range of transport, combat, and special operations aircraft.
In the early 1990s, Jordan procured two Airbus C-295 light transport aircraft to support logistics and tactical operations. The acquisition of several Antonov An-32 aircraft from Ukraine provided the RJAF with enhanced STOL capabilities, allowing rapid transport for the Royal Special Forces in remote or challenging environments.[38] However, the operational status of the An-32s has been uncertain in recent years, with the focus shifting to newer models.[39] In 1997, Jordan further enhanced its tactical airlift with the addition of a Lockheed C-130 Hercules, critical for both domestic operations and regional humanitarian missions.[40]
Jordanian UH-1N Twin Huey in 2004To improve heavy lift and logistics capabilities, the RJAF acquired two Ilyushin Il-76MF freighters from Russia in 2006. These aircraft have been instrumental in supporting Jordan’s extensive peacekeeping missions and other international deployments.[41] Additionally, the RJAF began to explore multi-role gunships, converting two CASA/IPTN CN-235 aircraft into AC235 gunships in collaboration with the King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau (KADDB) and U.S. defense company Orbital ATK. These gunships, equipped with advanced sensors and precision weaponry, are intended to support special operations and counter-insurgency efforts.[42] The RJAF later explored the gunship version of the Airbus C-295 to further expand its close air support capabilities.[43]
The Jordanian Special Operations Aviation Brigade, created to support high-priority missions, has operated Sikorsky UH-60L Black Hawk and MD Helicopters MD-530F helicopters for special operations and border security missions. In the late 1990s, the RJAF received two squadrons of AH-1F Cobra gunships from the U.S. Army, later transferring some to Pakistan as Jordan transitioned to new platforms, including the Boeing AH-6 light attack helicopter.[44]
Under the U.S. Military Assistance Program, Jordan received 18 surplus Bell UH-1H helicopters in 1994, followed by an additional 18 in 1996. The UH-1H helicopters were subsequently transferred to the Iraqi Air Force as Jordan moved to acquire newer platforms.[45] In recent years, Jordan acquired eight UH-60A Black Hawks through a U.S. no-cost lease, and a further eight UH-60M Black Hawks were delivered in 2017 as part of a U.S. grant valued at $200 million.[46]
The RJAF maintains close military cooperation with neighboring air forces, providing training for Bahraini pilots and logistical support to the Iraqi Air Force. The RJAF also plays a critical role in joint operations with the United States Air Force, conducting routine exercises to enhance regional interoperability and readiness.[47] The current commander of the Royal Jordanian Air Force is Brigadier General Mohammad Hyasat.[48]
Operations in Syria and regional conflicts (2014–present)[edit] Jordanian F-5 Tiger II aircraftThe RJAF has been active in regional conflicts, notably in the fight against ISIS and other terrorist organizations in Syria. On 16 April 2014, Jordanian fighter jets conducted airstrikes on vehicles attempting to cross from Syria into Jordan.[49] The following September, the RJAF joined U.S.-led Operation Inherent Resolve airstrikes against ISIS, marking Jordan's commitment to regional security.[50]
In December 2014, a Jordanian F-16 crashed near Raqqa, Syria, resulting in the capture of the pilot, Flight Lieutenant Moaz Youssef al-Kasasbeh, by ISIS militants. Despite diplomatic efforts, al-Kasasbeh was executed in early 2015, leading to a renewed commitment by Jordan against ISIS.[51] On 5 February 2015, the RJAF launched intensified strikes against ISIS positions in Syria, deploying 20 F-16s in operations supported by U.S.-supplied munitions, including JDAM precision bombs.[52]
In 2015, RJAF received 16 Bell AH-1E/F Cobras, further bolstering the RJAF’s counterinsurgency capabilities along Jordan’s borders. While active in Syria, in late 2015 the RJAF shifted some resources to support Saudi-led operations against Houthi rebels in Yemen, although Jordan maintained a limited presence in Syria.[53]
In late January 2024, the Royal Jordanian Air Force was actively involved in a coordinated response following the Tower 22 drone attack on a U.S. base in northeastern Jordan. This attack, attributed to an Iranian-supplied drone launched by Iranian-backed militias, resulted in the deaths of three American soldiers and injured over 40 others. The drone struck Tower 22, a logistics and support base near the Syrian border, underscoring the increasing threats posed by regional militias.[54]
On February 3, 2024, as part of the U.S.-led retaliation, RJAF F-16s joined American B-1B bombers and other aircraft in a series of airstrikes targeting strategic militia positions across Syria and Iraq. The operation, involving over 125 precision-guided munitions, was aimed at weakening the operational capabilities of the militias responsible for the Tower 22 attack. The RJAF provided air support along the Syria-Iraq border, focusing on surveillance and striking secondary targets to limit militia movements and escape routes.[55][56]
In Syria, the strikes targeted several high-value facilities in Deir ez-Zor and al-Bukamal, including weapons depots, intelligence centers, and militia command posts affiliated with pro-Iranian forces. These locations served as vital hubs for arms and personnel, enabling cross-border operations by militias. The RJAF's involvement marked its expanded role in regional counterterrorism and security efforts, signaling its commitment to supporting coalition forces against Iranian influence.[57]
RJAF’s role in these strikes highlighted Jordan’s expanding security alliance with the United States, reflecting a proactive stance on countering threats from Iranian-aligned militias. Analysts have noted that this operation demonstrates Jordan’s strategic importance in regional security, as well as the RJAF’s growing capacity to participate in complex, multilateral defense operations.[58]
Humanitarian airlifts to Gaza (2023–present)[edit]In response to the humanitarian crisis during the war in Gaza, the RJAF coordinated critical aid missions to deliver supplies to affected areas. As part of Jordan’s commitment to supporting Palestinian civilians, the RJAF carried out multiple air drops of food, medical supplies, and essential relief items to Gaza, under challenging conditions and amidst ongoing regional conflict.[59] This mission underscored Jordan’s role in regional humanitarian assistance, with the RJAF working closely with international agencies to ensure safe passage and distribution of aid.[60]
Through these operations, the RJAF continues to fulfill its dual mission of national defense and regional support, showcasing its versatility and commitment to both security and humanitarian principles.
June 2025 Israel Iran escalation[edit]Following the June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran the RJAF scrambled fighter jets and activated its air defense systems to intercept Iranian drones that entered Jordanian airspace, preventing them from reaching Israel as part of a defensive coallition.[61][62]
The Royal Jordanian Air Force has a strength of 14,000 active personnel.[1] It contains six major airbases in addition to nineteen air squadrons, fourteen I-Hawk Batteries, and two training schools (a fighter aviation training school and a school of air combat). The Royal Jordanian Air Force Headquarters is at King Abdullah I Airbase in Amman.
Base Squadron Aircraft King Abdullah I Air Base[63]Pending delivery by 2027, will feature advanced AESA radar and upgraded avionics[77][78]
F-16AM Block 20 MLU 38 Single-seat variantUpgraded to MLU standard[79] with improved avionics, radar, and compatibility with modern weaponry
F-16BM Block 20 MLU 15 Dual-seat variant, used for both operational missions and trainingUpgraded to MLU standard[79]
Special Mission CASA/IPTN CN-235 Spain / United States / Jordan COIN / ISR AC-235 2 Delivered in 2011Modified as gunships, armed with M230 chain gun, APKWS rockets and AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, by KADDB and Orbital ATK in 2014[80]
Cessna 208B Grand Caravan United States ISR Ce208B-ISR 6 Delivered between 2009 and 2011 Ce208B EX-ISR 6 2 airframes delivered in 20174 airframes modified by IOMAX delivered in 2024[81]
Air Tractor AT-802 United States COIN / ISR AT-802U 4 Airframes initially intended for Yemen, delivered to Jordan in 2016 AT-802i Block 4 BPA 6 Gifted by the United Arab Emirates Air Force in 2014 as Block 2 BPA, upgraded to Block 4 by IOMAX[82] Air Tractor AT-802 United States Fire-fighting aircraft AT-802F 2 Delivered in 2023[83] Transport Lockheed C-130 Hercules United States Tactical Airlifter C-130H 7 4 airframes delivered in the 1980s and 3 ex-USAF airframes delivered in 2021 and 2022[84]Plans for an additional 3 airframes[85]
PZL M28 Skytruck Poland Tactical Airlifter 2 Delivered in 2013 and 2015Both airframes modified by Sierra Nevada Corporation in 2016 and 2018[86][87][88]
Ilyushin Il-76 Russia Strategic Airlifter Il-76TD 2 One leased from Silk Way Airlines,[89] the other from UATG - Uz Aero Tech Group Gulfstream G650/G700/G800 United States Royal transportation G650ER 1 Registered VQ-BNZ Helicopters Bell AH-1 Cobra United States Attack Helicopter AH-1F 12 49 airframes were delivered between 1985 and 2016Between 8 and 16 airframes were transferred to the Pakistan Air Force in the 2010's[90]
2 airframes were transferred to the Philippines Air Force in 2019[91]
At least 2 airframes were transferred to the Kenya Air Force in 2017[92]
Only a few non-upgraded airframes remain in service
AH-1F (SES) 11 12 refurbished airframes capable of carrying AGM-114 Hellfire missiles and APKWS rockets[93]One airframe crashed in June 2023[94]
MD Helicopters MD530 United States Attack Helicopter MD530FF 6 Delivered in 2006, received an avionics upgrade in 2024[95] AH530 Block II 6 Ordered in August 2023[95]4 airframes delivered in December 2024 and 2 others in June 2025
Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk United States Utility Helicopter / SAR UH-60A 8 Delivered in 2015 and 2016[96][97] UH-60L 8 Delivered in 2007 and used for special operations[98][99] UH-60M 16 (4 on order) 12 combat-capable airframes delivered in 2017 and 2018[100][101]4 VIP-configured airframes for Royal transportation have been delivered between 2013 and 2024
4 airframes ordered in 2024 will receive an armament upgrade[102]
Sikorsky S-70 United States VIP Helicopter S-70A-11 5 Delivered in the 1980's and 1990's as Royal transportation AgustaWestland AW139 Italy VIP Helicopter / MEDEVAC 3 2 airframes are MEDEVAC-configured and operate on behalf of the Jordan Air Ambulance CenterThe third is VIP-configured for Royal transportation
Eurocopter EC635 France / Germany Utility Helicopter EC635T1 9 9 ex-Portuguese airframes acquired in 2003 and 2004, some airframes have received an armament upgrade EC635T2i 3 4 airframes delivered in 2007[103]1 airframe crashed in February 2016[104]
Aérospatiale AS332 Super Puma France Utility Helicopter AS332M-1 7 11 airframes were delivered in 19871 airframe crashed in 1989[105]
3 airframes transferred to the Benin Air Force in July 2023[106]
Mil Mi-26 Russia Heavy Lift Helicopter Mi-26T2 4 Delivered in 2018 and 2019[107][108] Trainer aircraft Pilatus PC-21 Switzerland Advanced Trainer 12 Delivered between 2017 and 2019[109] Grob G 120TP Germany Basic Trainer 13 16 airframes delivered between 2016 and 20183 airframes crashed, in December 2017,[110] in June 2022[111] and in February 2024[112]
Bell 505 Jet Ranger X United States Helicopter Trainer 10 Delivery completed in July 2024[113] Aérospatiale AS350 Écureuil France Helicopter Trainer AS350B3 1 At least 7 ex-UAEAF airframes delivered in the 2000's6 airframes sold onto the civilian market
Robinson R44 United States Helicopter Trainer 12 Delivered between 2014 and 2016Will be phased out in favour of the newer Bell 505
Over the years, the Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) has operated a variety of aircraft that have since been retired from active service. These aircraft contributed significantly to training, combat, transport, and reconnaissance missions, and reflect the development of the RJAF’s capabilities over time. Notable retired aircraft include:
Fighter and Combat aircraft:
Training and Liaison aircraft:
Transport and Utility aircraft:
Helicopters:
Several of these retired aircraft, including the de Havilland Vampire, de Havilland Dove, and others, have been preserved in museums across Jordan, such as the Royal Tank Museum and the RJAF Museum, celebrating Jordan's aviation history and the RJAF’s heritage.
Future developments[edit]The Royal Jordanian Air Force has been on a dynamic journey of modernization, acquiring new aircraft, phasing out older models, and pushing forward with advanced upgrades to maintain an edge in the region. Here’s a timeline of RJAF’s recent strategic advancements and milestones:
On 24 July 2019, the RJAF Commander, Major General Yousef Huneiti, received a significant promotion to serve as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Jordanian Armed Forces, underscoring his valuable contributions to Jordan's military.[120] Brigadier General Zaid Al-Najrish was appointed as the new Commander of the RJAF, with a commitment to continue the path of professionalism established by his predecessor.
On 3 March 2020, news broke that the RJAF had shifted its plans from upgrading older F-16s to procuring the latest F-16 Block 70/72 models. The RJAF aimed to replace its aging fleet with these state-of-the-art fighters featuring advanced radar, enhanced avionics, and extended capabilities.[121]
In September 2020, the RJAF began working closely with the U.S. Air Force’s Air Force Life Cycle Management Center (AFLCMC) at Wright Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio on a study for the Block-70 operational upgrade program.[122]
On 28 July 2021, the RJAF unveiled its upgraded F-16 MLU (Mid-Life Upgrade) fighters, which have been enhanced to MLU levels 5 and 6.5. This upgrade is approximately equivalent to the capabilities of the F-16C/D Block 50/52 series, equipping the jets with advanced munitions like GBU bombs, JDAM kits, AAM, and ASM weapons, as well as targeting and reconnaissance pods. The Ministry of Defense showcased the RJAF pilots training on these upgraded aircraft.[123]
Following these upgrades, on 14 November 2021, it was announced that the latest F-16 MLU 6.5 fighters were painted with Glass V Paint, a radar-absorbent coating designed to enhance the aircraft’s stealth capabilities. This paint is part of Jordan's strategy to bolster the survivability of its F-16 fleet in a high-threat environment.[124]
On 3 February 2022, the United States Department of State authorized a potential Foreign Military Sale of up to 16 F-16 C/D Block 70 aircraft to Jordan, valued at approximately $4.21 billion. This includes a mix of 12 single-seat F-16Cs and four twin-seat F-16Ds, along with 21 F100 engines (with five spares) and additional systems and armament.[125][126]
As part of its long-term modernization strategy, in January 2023, the RJAF confirmed the phased retirement of older aircraft types while prioritizing the F-16 Block 70 deliveries expected to begin in late 2024. The Block 70, known for its AESA radar and advanced avionics, will bring a significant boost in both air-to-air and air-to-ground combat capabilities.[127]
In March 2024, the RJAF unveiled its enhanced fleet readiness, stating that it had increased operational training hours in preparation for the arrival of the Block 70s.[128]
The RJAF’s modernization continues into November 2024, with the first batch of F-16 Block 70s anticipated by year’s end. This acquisition will cement Jordan’s air superiority role in the region, equipping it with a versatile fighter capable of handling modern threats across a range of mission profiles.[129]
US General Martin E. Dempsey (left) with Major General Malek Al-Habashneh, the chief of the RJAF in 2013.The Royal Jordanian Air Force is headed by the Commander. The chiefs of the RJAF are as follows:[130]
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