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Hinduism in India - Wikipedia

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This article is about The Hinduism in the Indian Republic. For Hinduism in the Indian subcontinent, see

Hinduism in South Asia

.

Hinduism in India Srivari Brahmotsavam

in

Venkateswara Temple c.1.15 billion Uttar Pradesh 192,000,000 Bihar 107,000,000 Maharashtra 101,000,000 Madhya Pradesh 78,000,000 Rajasthan 71,500,000 West Bengal 70,500,000 Tamil Nadu 68,000,000 Vedas, Puranas, Upanishads, Mahabharata (incl. Bhagavad Gita), Ramayana, and others Sanskrit, Tamil, Prakrit (sacred)
Indian languages (according to the region)

Hinduism is the largest and most practised religion in India.[1][2] About 80% of the country's population is Hindu.[3] India contains 94% of the global Hindu population.[4][5] The vast majority of Indian Hindus belong to Vaishnavite, Shaivite, and Shakta denominations.[6] India is one of the three countries in the world (Nepal (81%) and Mauritius (48%) being the other two) where Hinduism is the dominant religion.

History of Hinduism[edit]

The Vedic culture developed in India in 1500 BCE and 500 BCE.[7] After this period, the Vedic religion merged with local traditions and the renouncer traditions, resulting in the emergence of Hinduism,[8] which has had a profound impact on India's history, culture and philosophy. The name India itself is derived from Sanskrit Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the Indus River.[9]

India saw the rule of both Hindu and Muslim rulers from c. 1200 CE to 1750 CE.[10] The fall of Vijayanagara Empire to Muslim sultans had marked the end of Hindu dominance in the Deccan. Hinduism once again rose to political prestige, under the Maratha Empire.[11][12]

Partition of India[edit]

The 1947 Partition of India gave rise to bloody rioting and indiscriminate inter-communal killing of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs across the Indian subcontinent, specially in Punjab region. An estimated 7.3 million Hindus and Sikhs moved to India and 7.2 million Muslims moved to Pakistan permanently, leading to demographic change of both the nations to a certain extent. As a result of this, India's Hindu population have increased exponentially from 74.8% in 1941 to 84.1% in 1951 Census respectively.[13][14]

"I find no parallel in history for a body of converts and their descendants claiming to be a nation apart from the parent stock."

Hindu population decline in South Asia[edit]

Hinduism dropped from 72% in British Raj of 1891[16] to 69% in 1921.[17] In 1941 British census, Hindus comprised 69.5% of Undivided India.[18] It further declined to just 66% in Undivided India since Muslims would make up 32% of Undivided India's population in 2024, if not partitioned, respectively.[19]

The Hindu population has tripled from 303,675,084 in 1951 to 966,257,353 in 2011, but the Hindu percentage share of total population has declined from 84.1% in 1951 to 79.8% in 2011.[20][21][22] When India achieved independence in 1947, Hindus formed roughly 85% of the total population and pre-Partition British India had about 73% of Hindus.[23]

Historical Hindu Population Year 1951 303,675,084 —     1961 366,541,417 +20.7% 1971 453,492,481 +23.7% 1981 562,379,847 +24.0% 1991 690,091,965 +22.7% 2001 827,722,142 +19.9% 2011 966,257,353 +16.7% Source: census of India

According to a report by the Pew Research Center (PRC), the Hindu population in India is projected to reach almost 1.3 billion by 2050, within a total population nearing 1.7 billion. Despite this growth, the community proportion within the nation's population is anticipated to decrease by 2.8 percent, declining from 79.5 percent in 2010 to 76.7 percent in 2050, owing to low fertility rate, high mortality rate and emigration, respectively.[24]

The latest round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), conducted from 2019-2021, has shown a notable change in fertility trends in India. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR), which measures the average number of children per woman, has dropped below the replacement level of 2.1 respectively. Specifically, among Hindus, the TFR stands at 1.9, indicating that on average, each Hindu woman is having fewer than two children in her reproductive lifespan. This trend suggests a significant shift towards smaller family sizes within the Hindu community, reflecting broader demographic changes in the country.[25]

A report published in a major Pakistani newspaper indicates that over 5,000 Pakistani Hindus migrate to India annually as refugees.[26] Dr. Abul Barkat, a highly esteemed academic figure affiliated with Dhaka University, has provided insights indicating that an estimated 230,000 Bangladeshi Hindus undertake migration to India annually, with the primary motive of seeking asylum and ensuring personal safety. This migration pattern underscores a notable trend contributing to a substantial influx of refugees from Bangladesh to India.[27]

Population by state and territory[edit] Percentage of Hindus in each district. Data derived from 2011 census. Hindu population by state / UT, according to the 2011 census State/UT Hindus % Hindus Himachal Pradesh 6,864,602 6,532,765

95.17%

Dadra and Nagar Haveli 343,709 322,857

93.93%

Odisha 41,974,218 39,300,341

93.63%

Chhattisgarh 25,545,198 23,819,789

93.25%

Madhya Pradesh 72,626,809 66,007,121

90.89%

Daman and Diu 243,247 220,150

90.50%

Gujarat 60,439,692 53,533,988

88.57%

Rajasthan 68,548,437 60,657,103

88.49%

Andhra Pradesh (incl. Telengana) 84,580,777 74,824,149

88.46%

Tamil Nadu 72,147,030 63,188,168

87.58%

Haryana 25,351,462 22,171,128

87.46%

Puducherry 1,247,953 1,089,409

87.30%

Karnataka 61,095,297 51,317,472

84.00%

Tripura 3,673,917 3,063,903

83.40%

Uttarakhand 10,086,292 8,368,636

82.97%

Bihar 104,099,452 86,078,686

82.69%

Delhi 16,787,941 13,712,100

81.68%

Chandigarh 1,055,450 852,574

80.78%

Maharashtra 112,374,333 89,703,056

79.83%

Uttar Pradesh 199,812,341 159,312,654

79.73%

West Bengal 91,276,115 64,385,546

70.54%

Andaman and Nicobar Islands 380,581 264,296

69.45%

Jharkhand 32,988,134 22,376,051

67.83%

Goa 1,458,545 963,877

66.08%

Assam 31,205,576 19,180,759

61.47%

Sikkim 610,577 352,662

57.76%

Kerala 33,406,061 18,282,492

54.73%

Manipur 2,855,794 1,181,876

41.39%

Punjab 27,743,338 10,678,138

38.49%

Arunachal Pradesh 1,383,727 401,876

29.04%

Jammu and Kashmir 12,541,302 3,566,674

28.44%

Meghalaya 2,966,889 342,078

11.53%

Nagaland 1,978,502 173,054

8.75%

Lakshadweep 64,473 1,788

2.77%

Mizoram 1,097,206 30,136

2.75%

All of India 1,210,854,977 966,257,353

79.80%

Hinduism in states[edit] Demand for Hindu state[edit]

Although the Constitution of India has declared the nation as a secular state with no state religion, it has been argued several times that the Indian state privileges Hinduism as state sponsored religion constitutionally, legislatively and culturally.[28][29]

Some right-wing Hindu organisations like Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Hindu Mahasabha, Bajrang Dal, Vishwa Hindu Parishad etc. have demanded that India should be declared a Hindu nation by constitution to safeguard the rights and life of Hindus in this largest democracy.[34][35][36] As of 28 July 2020, there were pleas going on Supreme Court of India to remove the words secular and socialist from the Preamble to the Constitution of India.[37] As far as citizens are concerned, only 7 out of 20 Indian Hindus are in favor of making India a Hindu Nation.[38] Nearly two-thirds of Indian Hindus, constituting 64% of the population, believe that it is very important to be Hindu to be considered truly Indian or a citizen of India respectively.[39]

Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019[edit]

The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 is a law passed in India in December 2019. Under the Citizenship (Amendment) Rules, 2024, it provides a fast-track to Indian citizenship for undocumented immigrants from neighbouring countries, namely Hindus and five other specific communities: Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Parsis, and Jains, who arrived in India before December 31, 2014. The law has reduced the residency requirement for undocumented immigrants from select religious minorities, including Hindus, from 11 years to 5 years for acquiring Indian citizenship through naturalization. This provision aims to expedite the citizenship process for these specific persecuted minority groups of neighbouring nations of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.[40]

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  3. ^ "Population of India Today". livepopulation.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
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  11. ^ Tinker, Hugh (1966). South Asia: A Short History. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780824812874. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  12. ^ Ganesha on the Dashboard Archived 15 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine p. 176, V. Raghunathan, M. A. Eswaran, Penguin
  13. ^ Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012. p. 6. ISBN 978-9400953093. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  14. ^ Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (23 July 2009). The Partition of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-521-85661-4. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  15. ^ Prof. Prasoon (1 January 2010). My Letters.... M.K.Gandhi. Pustak Mahal. p. 120. ISBN 978-81-223-1109-9. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  16. ^ Commissioner., India. Census (1 January 1893). "General report on the census of India, 1891: Census Reports - 1891". JSTOR saoa.crl.25352825. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  17. ^ "Daily Consular and Trade Reports". Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Manufactures. 1924.
  18. ^ Ispahani, Farahnaz (30 January 2020). "Modi critics decry India mistreating minorities but mustn't whitewash Pakistan's Islamisation". ThePrint.
  19. ^ Service, Statesman News (9 September 2019). "Partition & Hindus". The Statesman. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  20. ^ "Share of Hindu population down by 7.82% in India: Highlights from EAC-PM report". The Times of India. 9 May 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
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  22. ^ "Census: Hindu share dips below 80%, Muslim share grows but slower". 24 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  23. ^ "Census: Hindu share dips below 80%, Muslim share grows but slower". 24 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  24. ^ "By 2050, Hindus' share of India's population to fall by 2.8 percent: Study". Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  25. ^ "Hindu-Muslim fertility differentials in India: An update". Ideas For India. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  26. ^ Haider, Irfan (13 May 2014). "5,000 Hindus migrating to India every year, NA told". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  27. ^ "'No Hindus will be left after 30 years'".
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  40. ^ "Citizenship (Amendment) Rules, 2024 explained: What you need to know". Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.

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