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Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu - Wikipedia

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Hindi and Urdu

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Hindustani phonology, Devanagari, and Urdu alphabet for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindi-Urdu.

Consonants IPA Examples English approximation Hindi Urdu ISO 15919 b बीस بیس bīs cabbie bʱ भालू بھالو bhālū clubhouse d[1] दाल دال dāl width, Spanish andar dʱ[1] धूप دھوپ dhūp adhere (but dental) dʒ जान جان jān budging dʒʱ झड़ना جھڑنا jhaṛnā hedgehog ɖ[1] डालना ڈالنا ḍālnā American bird ɖʱ[1] ढक्कन ڈھکّن ḍhakkan American birdhouse f ख़िलाफ़ خلاف k͟hilāf fuss ɡ गोल گول gol ago ɡʱ घर گھر ghar loghouse ʔ[2] एतबार اعتبار iʻtibār[a] The pause in "uh-oh!", butter (glottal stop) ɣ[4] बाग़ باغ bāġ Similar to the French R ɦ हम ہم ham ahead हुक्म حکم h̤ukm j याद یاد yād yuck k कमज़ोर کمزور kamzor scab kʰ खाल کھال khāl cab l लब لب lab leaf m मगर مگر magar much n नहीं نہیں nahī̃ panther ɳ[5] किरण کرن kiraṇ American burn ŋ रंग رن٘گ raṅg bang p पल پل pal spot pʰ फल پھل phal pot q[4] क़रीब قریب qarīb somewhat like caught r[6] रस رس ras Trilled ring ज़र्रा ذرّہ zarra ɾ[6] ज़रा ذرا zarā American atom ɽ लड़ना لڑنا laṛnā American garter ɽʱ पढ़ाई پڑھائی paṛhāī no English equivalent s सब سب sab sun ʂ[5] नष्ट نشٹ naṣṭ shoe but retroflex ʃ काश کاش kāś shoe t[1] तालाब تالاب tālāb similar to outthink, Spanish tomar लतीफ़ा لطیفہ lat̤īfa tʰ[1] थैला تھیلا thailā tub (but dental) t͡ʃ चोर چور cor catch t͡ʃʰ छोड़ना چھوڑنا choṛnā beachhead ʈ[1] टमाटर ٹماٹر ṭamāṭar stub (but retroflex) ʈʰ[1] ठंड ٹھنڈ ṭhanḍ tub (but retroflex) ʋ[7] वर्ज़िश ورزش varziś vat w[7] पकवान پكوان pakvān well x[4] ख़राब خراب k͟harāb Scottish loch z[4] काग़ज़ کاغذ kāġaz zoo ʒ[4] अझ़दहा اژدہا aždahā pleasure Vowels IPA Examples English approximation Hindi Urdu ISO 15919 aː काम کام kām father eː जेब جیب jeb Scottish say ɛ[8] रहना رہنا rêhnā pen ɛː कैसा کیسا kaisā fairy ə कल کَل kal about ɪ जितना جِتنا jitnā sit iː जीतना جیتنا jītnā seat oː बोलो بولو bolo story ɔː कौन کَون kaun off, but long ʊ उन اُن un foot uː ऊन اُون ūn cool ◌̃ मैं مَیں maiṁ nasal vowel faun
([ãː, õː], etc.) Suprasegmentals IPA Example Notes ˈ◌ [ˈbaːɦər] stress
(placed before stressed syllable) ◌ː [ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ] long sound
(placed after doubled consonant and long vowel)
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Hindi and Urdu contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like and to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English and for some speakers with th-stopping.
  2. ^ In a number of words, the ع and/or ء is sometimes pronounced as ʔ in Urdu, which is typically not represented or pronounced in Hindi, except when the Urdu variant is transliterated into Hindi.
  3. ^ "Meaning of etibar in English". Rekhta Dictionary. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  4. ^ a b c d e Mainly phonemes of Urdu. Hindi speakers may replace [x], [z], [ʒ], [ɣ] and [q] with [kʰ], [dʒ], [dʒʱ], [g] and [k] respectively.
  5. ^ a b Mainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ʃ] respectively.
  6. ^ a b /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill.
  7. ^ a b [w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when /व و/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be [v], occurs otherwise.
  8. ^ [ɛ] occurs as an allophone of /ə/ near an /ɦ/ that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an [ɛ] preceding an /ɦ/.
  1. ^ Urdu transliteration. The Hindi variant is usually written as एतबार (etbār). Rekhta Dictionary transliterates this term as ए'तिबार (e'tibār) in Devanagari/Hindi.[3]

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