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Isotopes of hafnium - Wikipedia

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Natural hafnium (₇₂Hf) consists of five observationally stable isotopes (¹⁷⁶Hf, ¹⁷⁷Hf, ¹⁷⁸Hf, ¹⁷⁹Hf, and ¹⁸⁰Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, ¹⁷⁴Hf, with a half-life of 3.8×10¹⁶ years.^[2] In addition, there are 34 known synthetic radioisotopes, the most stable of which is ¹⁸²Hf with a half-life of 8.9×10⁶ years. This extinct radionuclide is used in hafnium–tungsten dating to study the chronology of planetary differentiation.^[5]

No other radioisotope has a half-life over 1.87 years. Most isotopes have half-lives under 1 minute. There are also at least 27 nuclear isomers, the most stable of which is ^178m2Hf with a half-life of 31 years. All isotopes of hafnium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

Nuclide
^{[n 1]} Z N Isotopic mass (Da)^[6]
^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]} Half-life^[1]
^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]} Decay
mode^[1]
^{[n 6]} Daughter
isotope
^{[n 7]} Spin and
parity^[1]
^{[n 8]}^{[n 5]} Natural abundance (mole fraction) Excitation energy^{[n 5]} Normal proportion^[1] Range of variation ¹⁵³Hf 72 81 152.97069(32)# 400# ms
[>200 ns] 1/2+# ¹⁵⁴Hf 72 82 153.96486(32)# 2(1) s β⁺ ¹⁵⁴Lu 0+ α (rare) ¹⁵⁰Yb ^154mHf 2721(50)# keV 9(4) μs IT ¹⁵⁴Hf (10+) ¹⁵⁵Hf 72 83 154.96317(32)# 843(30) ms β⁺ ¹⁵⁵Lu 7/2−# ¹⁵⁶Hf 72 84 155.95940(16) 23(1) ms α ¹⁵²Yb 0+ ^156mHf 1958.8(10) keV 480(40) μs α ¹⁵²Yb (8+) ¹⁵⁷Hf 72 85 156.95829(22)# 115(1) ms α (94%) ¹⁵³Yb 7/2− β⁺ (6%) ¹⁵⁷Lu ¹⁵⁸Hf 72 86 157.954801(19) 2.85(7) s β⁺ (55.7%) ¹⁵⁸Lu 0+ α (44.3%) ¹⁵⁴Yb ¹⁵⁹Hf 72 87 158.953996(18) 5.20(10) s β⁺ (65%) ¹⁵⁹Lu 7/2− α (35%) ¹⁵⁵Yb ¹⁶⁰Hf 72 88 159.950683(10) 13.6(2) s β⁺ (99.3%) ¹⁶⁰Lu 0+ α (0.7%) ¹⁵⁶Yb ¹⁶¹Hf 72 89 160.950278(25) 18.4(4) s β⁺ (99.71%) ¹⁶¹Lu (7/2−) α (0.29%) ¹⁵⁷Yb ^161mHf 329.0(5) keV 4.8(2) μs IT ¹⁶¹Hf (13/2+) ¹⁶²Hf 72 90 161.9472155(96) 39.4(9) s β⁺ (99.99%) ¹⁶²Lu 0+ α (0.008%) ¹⁵⁸Yb ¹⁶³Hf 72 91 162.947107(28) 40.0(6) s β⁺ ¹⁶³Lu (5/2−) ¹⁶⁴Hf 72 92 163.944371(17) 111(8) s β⁺ ¹⁶⁴Lu 0+ ¹⁶⁵Hf 72 93 164.944567(30) 76(4) s β⁺ ¹⁶⁵Lu (5/2−) ¹⁶⁶Hf 72 94 165.942180(30) 6.77(30) min β⁺ ¹⁶⁶Lu 0+ ¹⁶⁷Hf 72 95 166.942600(30) 2.05(5) min β⁺ ¹⁶⁷Lu (5/2)− ¹⁶⁸Hf 72 96 167.940568(30) 25.95(20) min EC (98%) ¹⁶⁸Lu 0+ β⁺ (2%) ¹⁶⁸Lu ¹⁶⁹Hf 72 97 168.941259(30) 3.24(4) min β⁺ ¹⁶⁹Lu (5/2−) ¹⁷⁰Hf 72 98 169.939609(30) 16.01(13) h EC ¹⁷⁰Lu 0+ ¹⁷¹Hf 72 99 170.940492(31) 12.1(4) h β⁺ ¹⁷¹Lu 7/2+ ^171mHf 21.93(9) keV 29.5(9) s IT ¹⁷¹Hf 1/2− ¹⁷²Hf 72 100 171.939450(26) 1.87(3) y EC ¹⁷²Lu 0+ ^172mHf 2005.84(11) keV 163(3) ns IT ¹⁷²Hf (8−) ¹⁷³Hf 72 101 172.940513(30) 23.6(1) h β⁺ ¹⁷³Lu 1/2− ^173m1Hf 107.16(5) keV 180(8) ns IT ¹⁷³Hf 5/2− ^173m2Hf 197.47(10) keV 160(40) ns IT ¹⁷³Hf 7/2+ ¹⁷⁴Hf^{[n 9]} 72 102 173.9400484(24) 3.8+1.7 −0.9×10¹⁶ y^[2] α^{[n 10]} ¹⁷⁰Yb 0+ 0.0016(12) ^174m1Hf 1549.26(4) keV 138(4) ns IT ¹⁷⁴Hf 6+ ^174m2Hf 1797.59(7) keV 2.39(4) μs IT ¹⁷⁴Hf 8− ^174m3Hf 3312.07(6) keV 3.7(2) μs IT ¹⁷⁴Hf 14+ ¹⁷⁵Hf 72 103 174.9415114(25) 70.65(19) d EC ¹⁷⁵Lu 5/2− ^175m1Hf 125.89(12) keV 53.7(15) μs IT ¹⁷⁵Hf 1/2− ^175m2Hf 1433.41(12) keV 1.10(8) μs IT ¹⁷⁵Hf 19/2+ ^175m3Hf 3015.6(4) keV 1.21(15) μs IT ¹⁷⁵Hf 35/2− ^175m4Hf 4636.2(12) keV 1.9(1) μs IT ¹⁷⁵Hf 45/2+ ¹⁷⁶Hf^{[n 11]} 72 104 175.9414098(16) Observationally Stable^{[n 12]} 0+ 0.0526(70) ^176m1Hf 1333.07(7) keV 9.6(3) μs IT ¹⁷⁶Hf 6+ ^176m2Hf 1559.31(9) keV 9.9(2) μs IT ¹⁷⁶Hf 8− ^176m3Hf 2865.8(7) keV 401(6) μs IT ¹⁷⁶Hf 14− ^176m4Hf 4863.6(9) keV 43(4) μs IT ¹⁷⁶Hf 22− ¹⁷⁷Hf 72 105 176.9432302(15) Observationally Stable^{[n 13]} 7/2− 0.1860(16) ^177m1Hf 1315.4502(8) keV 1.09(5) s IT ¹⁷⁷Hf 23/2+ ^177m2Hf 1342.4(10) keV 55.9(12) μs IT ¹⁷⁷Hf (19/2−) ^177m3Hf 2740.02(15) keV 51.4(5) min IT ¹⁷⁷Hf 37/2− ¹⁷⁸Hf 72 106 177.9437083(15) Observationally Stable^{[n 14]} 0+ 0.2728(28) ^178m1Hf 1147.416(6) keV 4.0(2) s IT ¹⁷⁸Hf 8− ^178m2Hf 2446.09(8) keV 31(1) y IT ¹⁷⁸Hf 16+ ^178m3Hf 2572.4(3) keV 68(2) μs IT ¹⁷⁸Hf 14− ¹⁷⁹Hf 72 107 178.9458257(15) Observationally Stable^{[n 15]} 9/2+ 0.1362(11) ^179m1Hf 375.0352(25) keV 18.67(4) s IT ¹⁷⁹Hf 1/2− ^179m2Hf 1106.412(33) keV 25.00(17) d IT ¹⁷⁹Hf 25/2− ^179m3Hf 3775.2(21) keV 15(5) μs IT ¹⁷⁹Hf (43/2+) ¹⁸⁰Hf 72 108 179.9465595(15) Observationally Stable^{[n 16]} 0+ 0.3508(33) ^180m1Hf 1141.552(15) keV 5.53(2) h IT (99.69%) ¹⁸⁰Hf 8− β⁻ (0.31%) ^180m1Ta^[7] ^180m2Hf 1374.36(4) keV 570(20) μs IT ¹⁸⁰Hf 4− ^180m3Hf 2485.5(5) keV 0.94(11) μs IT ¹⁸⁰Hf 12+ ^180m4Hf 3599.0(10) keV 90(10) μs IT ¹⁸⁰Hf (18−) ¹⁸¹Hf 72 109 180.9491108(15) 42.39(6) d β⁻ ¹⁸¹Ta 1/2− ^181m1Hf 595.27(4) keV 80(5) μs IT ¹⁸¹Hf (9/2+) ^181m2Hf 1043.5(8) keV ~100 μs IT ¹⁸¹Hf (17/2+) ^181m3Hf 1741.9(13) keV 1.5(5) ms IT ¹⁸¹Hf (25/2−) ¹⁸²Hf^{[n 17]} 72 110 181.9505637(66) 8.90(9)×10⁶ y β⁻ ¹⁸²Ta 0+ ^182m1Hf 1172.87(18) keV 61.5(15) min β⁻ (54%) ¹⁸²Ta 8− IT (46%) ¹⁸²Hf ^182m2Hf 2571.3(12) keV 40(10) μs IT ¹⁸²Hf (13+) ¹⁸³Hf 72 111 182.953533(32) 1.018(2) h β⁻ ¹⁸³Ta (3/2−) ^183mHf 1464(64) keV 40(30) s IT ¹⁸³Hf 27/2−# ¹⁸⁴Hf 72 112 183.955449(43) 4.12(5) h β⁻ ¹⁸⁴Ta 0+ ^184m1Hf 1272.2(4) keV 48(10) s IT ¹⁸⁴Hf 8− ^184m2Hf 2477(10) keV 16(7) min 15+# ¹⁸⁵Hf 72 113 184.958862(69) 3.5(6) min β⁻ ¹⁸⁵Ta (9/2−) ¹⁸⁶Hf 72 114 185.960897(55) 2.6(12) min β⁻ ¹⁸⁶Ta 0+ ^186mHf 2968(43) keV >20 s 17+# ¹⁸⁷Hf 72 115 186.96457(22)# 14# s
[>300 ns] 9/2−# ^187mHf 500(300)# keV 270(80) ns IT ¹⁸⁷Hf 3/2−# ¹⁸⁸Hf 72 116 187.96690(32)# 7# s
[>300 ns] 0+ ¹⁸⁹Hf 72 117 188.97085(32)# 400# ms
[>300 ns] 3/2−# ¹⁹⁰Hf 72 118 189.97338(43)# 600# ms
[>300 ns] 0+ ¹⁹¹Hf^[8] 72 119 ¹⁹²Hf^[8] 72 120 0+ This table header & footer: view

^ ^mHf – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
^ ^a ^b ^c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^ Modes of decay:
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ primordial radionuclide
^ Theorized to also undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹⁷⁴Yb
^ Used in lutetium-hafnium dating
^ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷²Yb
^ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷³Yb with a half-life over 1.3×10¹⁸ y.
^ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷⁴Yb
^ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷⁵Yb
^ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷⁶Yb
^ Extinct radionuclide, used in hafnium–tungsten dating^[5]

Daughter products other than hafnium

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ ^a ^b ^c Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Cappella, F.; Caracciolo, V.; Cerulli, R.; Incicchitti, A.; Laubenstein, M.; Leoncini, A.; Merlo, V.; Nagorny, S.S.; Nahorna, V.V.; Nisi, S.; Wang, P. (January 2025). "A new measurement of 174Hf alpha decay". Nuclear Physics A. 1053: 122976. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2024.122976.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Hafnium". CIAAW. 2019.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b Kleine T, Walker RJ (August 2017). "Tungsten Isotopes in Planets". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 45 (1): 389–417. Bibcode:2017AREPS..45..389K. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020037. PMC 6398955. PMID 30842690.
^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^ McCutchan, E.A. (May 2015). "Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 180". Nuclear Data Sheets. 126: 151–372. doi:10.1016/j.nds.2015.05.002.
^ ^a ^b Haak, K.; Tarasov, O. B.; Chowdhury, P.; et al. (2023). "Production and discovery of neutron-rich isotopes by fragmentation of ¹⁹⁸Pt". Physical Review C. 108 (34608): 034608. Bibcode:2023PhRvC.108c4608H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.108.034608. S2CID 261649436.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 3.0 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.

- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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