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Online bibliographic database of languages
Glottolog is an open-access online bibliographic database of the world's languages. In addition to listing linguistic materials (grammars, articles, dictionaries) describing individual languages, the database also contains the most up-to-date language affiliations based on the work of expert linguists.
Glottolog was first developed and maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and between 2015 and 2020 at the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology in Jena, Germany. Its main curators include Harald Hammarström and Martin Haspelmath.
Sebastian Nordhoff and Harald Hammarström established the Glottolog/Langdoc project in 2011.[1][2] The creation of Glottolog was partly motivated by the lack of a comprehensive language bibliography, especially in Ethnologue.[3]
Glottolog provides a catalogue of the world's languages and language families and a bibliography on individual languages. It differs from Ethnologue in several respects:
Language names used in the bibliographic entries are identified by ISO 639-3 code or Glottolog's own code (Glottocode). External links are provided to ISO, Ethnologue and other online language databases
The latest version is 5.1, released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License in October 2024.
It is part of the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data project hosted by the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology.[4]
Glottolog is more conservative in its classification than other databases in establishing membership of languages and families given its strict criteria for postulating larger groupings. On the other hand, the database is more permissive in terms of considering unclassified languages as isolates. Edition 4.8 lists 421 spoken language[note 2] families and isolates as follows:[5]
List of Glottolog genealogical families Name Region[note 3] Languages Atlantic-Congo Africa 1,410 Austronesian Africa, Eurasia, Oceania, South America 1,272 Indo-European Africa, Australia, Eurasia, North America, Oceania, South America 585 Sino-Tibetan Eurasia 506 Afro-Asiatic Africa, Eurasia 382 Nuclear Trans New Guinea Oceania 317 Pama-Nyungan Australia, Oceania 250 Otomanguean North America 181 Austroasiatic Eurasia 158 Tai-Kadai Eurasia 96 Dravidian Eurasia 82 Arawakan North America, South America 77 Mande Africa 75 Tupian South America 70 Uto-Aztecan North America 68 Central Sudanic Africa 63 Nilotic Africa 56 Nuclear Torricelli Oceania 55 Uralic Eurasia 49 Algic North America 47 Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit North America 46 Pano-Tacanan South America 45 Quechuan South America 43 Turkic Eurasia 43 Cariban South America 42 Hmong-Mien Eurasia 42 Kru Africa 38 Nakh-Daghestanian Eurasia 36 Sepik Oceania 36 Mayan North America 34 Lower Sepik-Ramu Oceania 30 Nuclear-Macro-Je South America 29 Chibchan North America, South America 27 Tucanoan South America 26 Salishan North America 25 Timor-Alor-Pantar Oceania 23 Dogon Africa 20 Lakes Plain Oceania 20 Mixe-Zoque North America 19 Ta-Ne-Omotic Africa 19 Yam Oceania 19 Siouan North America 18 Anim Oceania 17 Japonic Eurasia, Oceania 17 Mongolic-Khitan Eurasia 17 Border Oceania 15 North Halmahera Oceania 15 Tungusic Eurasia 15 Khoe-Kwadi Africa 14 Angan Oceania 13 Eskimo-Aleut Eurasia, North America 13 Miwok-Costanoan North America 13 Ndu Oceania 13 Nubian Africa 13 Tor-Orya Oceania 13 Totonacan North America 13 Chapacuran South America 12 Gunwinyguan Australia 12 Cochimi-Yuman North America 11 Iroquoian North America 11 Sko Oceania 11 Surmic Africa 11 Western Daly Australia 11 Geelvink Bay Oceania 10 Great Andamanese Eurasia, Oceania 10 Heibanic Africa 10 Ijoid Africa 10 Maban Africa 10 Nyulnyulan Australia 10 Saharan Africa 10 Songhay Africa 10 South Bougainville Oceania 10 Worrorran Australia 10 Chocoan South America 9 Dagan Oceania 9 Tuu Africa 9 Greater Kwerba Oceania 8 Kiowa-Tanoan North America 8 Koiarian Oceania 8 Mailuan Oceania 8 Narrow Talodi Africa 8 Bosavi Oceania 7 Chukotko-Kamchatkan Eurasia 7 Dajuic Africa 7 Huitotoan South America 7 Matacoan South America 7 Muskogean North America 7 Pomoan North America 7 Arawan South America 6 Baining Oceania 6 Barbacoan South America 6 Chumashan North America 6 East Strickland Oceania 6 Kadugli-Krongo Africa 6 Kiwaian Oceania 6 Left May Oceania 6 Lengua-Mascoy South America 6 Nambiquaran South America 6 South Bird's Head Family Oceania 6 Wakashan North America 6 Yanomamic South America 6 Zaparoan South America 6 Abkhaz-Adyge Eurasia 5 Arafundi Oceania 5 Caddoan North America 5 Eleman Oceania 5 Guahiboan South America 5 Guaicuruan South America 5 Kartvelian Eurasia 5 Keram Oceania 5 Koman Africa 5 Kxa Africa 5 Mirndi Australia 5 Misumalpan North America 5 Nimboranic Oceania 5 Pauwasi Oceania 5 Sahaptian North America 5 South Omotic Africa 5 West Bird's Head Oceania 5 Xincan North America 5 Yareban Oceania 5 Yeniseian Eurasia 5 Yuat Oceania 5 Aymaran South America 4 Blue Nile Mao Africa 4 Chicham South America 4 Chinookan North America 4 Chonan South America 4 Eastern Jebel Africa 4 Eastern Trans-Fly Oceania 4 Huavean North America 4 Iwaidjan Proper Australia 4 Kamakanan South America 4 Kunimaipan Oceania 4 Maiduan North America 4 Mangarrayi-Maran Australia 4 Maningrida Australia 4 Naduhup South America 4 North Bougainville Oceania 4 Sentanic Oceania 4 Shastan North America 4 Suki-Gogodala Oceania 4 Tamaic Africa 4 Tangkic Australia 4 Turama-Kikori Oceania 4 Walioic Oceania 4 Yokutsan North America 4 Yukaghir Eurasia 4 Ainu Eurasia 3 Bororoan South America 3 Bulaka River Oceania 3 Charruan South America 3 Dizoid Africa 3 East Bird's Head Oceania 3 Giimbiyu Australia 3 Gumuz Africa 3 Jarrakan Australia 3 Kalapuyan North America 3 Kamula-Elevala Oceania 3 Katla-Tima Africa 3 Kawesqar South America 3 Kayagaric Oceania 3 Kolopom Oceania 3 Kresh-Aja Africa 3 Kuliak Africa 3 Kwalean Oceania 3 Lepki-Murkim-Kembra Oceania 3 Mairasic Oceania 3 Peba-Yagua South America 3 Saliban South America 3 Tequistlatecan North America 3 Tsimshian North America 3 West Bomberai Oceania 3 Western Tasmanian Australia 3 Yangmanic Australia 3 Zamucoan South America 3 Amto-Musan Oceania 2 Araucanian South America 2 Baibai-Fas Oceania 2 Bayono-Awbono Oceania 2 Bogia Oceania 2 Boran South America 2 Bunaban Australia 2 Cahuapanan South America 2 Chimakuan North America 2 Chiquitano South America 2 Coosan North America 2 Doso-Turumsa Oceania 2 East Kutubu Oceania 2 Eastern Daly Australia 2 Furan Africa 2 Garrwan Australia 2 Haida North America 2 Harakmbut South America 2 Hatam-Mansim Oceania 2 Hibito-Cholon South America 2 Huarpean South America 2 Hurro-Urartian Eurasia 2 Inanwatan Oceania 2 Jarawa-Onge Eurasia 2 Jicaquean North America 2 Kakua-Nukak South America 2 Katukinan South America 2 Kaure-Kosare Oceania 2 Keresan North America 2 Konda-Yahadian Oceania 2 Koreanic Eurasia 2 Kwomtari-Nai Oceania 2 Lencan North America 2 Limilngan-Wulna Australia 2 Manubaran Oceania 2 Marrku-Wurrugu Australia 2 Mombum-Koneraw Oceania 2 Namla-Tofanma Oceania 2 Nivkh Eurasia 2 North-Eastern Tasmanian Australia 2 Northern Daly Australia 2 Nyimang Africa 2 Otomaco-Taparita South America 2 Pahoturi Oceania 2 Palaihnihan North America 2 Piawi Oceania 2 Puri-Coroado South America 2 Rashad Africa 2 Senagi Oceania 2 Somahai Oceania 2 South-Eastern Tasmanian Australia 2 Southern Daly Australia 2 Tarascan North America 2 Taulil-Butam Oceania 2 Teberan Oceania 2 Temeinic Africa 2 Ticuna-Yuri South America 2 Uru-Chipaya South America 2 Wintuan North America 2 Yawa-Saweru Oceania 2 Yuki-Wappo North America 2 Abinomn Oceania 1 Abun Oceania 1 Adai North America 1 Aewa South America 1 Aikanã South America 1 Alsea-Yaquina North America 1 Andaqui South America 1 Andoque South America 1 Anem Oceania 1 Arutani South America 1 Asabano Oceania 1 Atacame South America 1 Atakapa North America 1 Bangime Africa 1 Basque Eurasia 1 Beothuk North America 1 Berta Africa 1 Betoi-Jirara South America 1 Bilua Oceania 1 Bogaya Oceania 1 Burmeso Oceania 1 Burushaski Eurasia 1 Camsá South America 1 Candoshi-Shapra South America 1 Canichana South America 1 Cayubaba South America 1 Cayuse North America 1 Chimariko North America 1 Chitimacha North America 1 Chono South America 1 Coahuilteco North America 1 Cofán South America 1 Comecrudan North America 1 Cotoname North America 1 Cuitlatec North America 1 Culli South America 1 Damal Oceania 1 Dem Oceania 1 Dibiyaso Oceania 1 Duna Oceania 1 Elamite Eurasia 1 Elseng Oceania 1 Esselen North America 1 Etruscan Eurasia 1 Fasu Oceania 1 Fulniô South America 1 Fuyug Oceania 1 Gaagudju Australia 1 Guachi South America 1 Guaicurian North America 1 Guamo South America 1 Guató South America 1 Gule Africa 1 Guriaso Oceania 1 Hadza Africa 1 Hattic Eurasia 1 Hoti South America 1 Hruso Eurasia 1 Iberian Eurasia 1 Irántxe-Münkü South America 1 Itonama South America 1 Jalaa Africa 1 Jirajaran South America 1 Kaki Ae Oceania 1 Kanoê South America 1 Kapori Oceania 1 Karami Oceania 1 Karankawa North America 1 Kariri South America 1 Karok North America 1 Kehu Oceania 1 Kenaboi Eurasia 1 Kibiri Oceania 1 Kimki Oceania 1 Klamath-Modoc North America 1 Kol (Papua New Guinea) Oceania 1 Kujarge Africa 1 Kunama Africa 1 Kungarakany Australia 1 Kunza South America 1 Kuot Oceania 1 Kusunda Eurasia 1 Kutenai North America 1 Kwaza South America 1 Laal Africa 1 Lafofa Africa 1 Laragia Australia 1 Lavukaleve Oceania 1 Leco South America 1 Lule South America 1 Máku South America 1 Maratino North America 1 Marori Oceania 1 Massep Oceania 1 Matanawí South America 1 Mato Grosso Arára South America 1 Mawes Oceania 1 Maybrat-Karon Oceania 1 Meroitic Africa 1 Mimi-Gaudefroy Africa 1 Minkin Australia 1 Mochica South America 1 Molale North America 1 Molof Oceania 1 Mor (Bomberai Peninsula) Oceania 1 Mosetén-Chimané South America 1 Movima South America 1 Mpur Oceania 1 Muniche South America 1 Mure South America 1 Nara Africa 1 Natchez North America 1 Nihali Eurasia 1 Odiai Oceania 1 Omurano South America 1 Ongota Africa 1 Oti South America 1 Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport Australia 1 Páez South America 1 Pankararú South America 1 Papi Oceania 1 Pawaia Oceania 1 Payagua South America 1 Pele-Ata Oceania 1 Pirahã South America 1 Puelche South America 1 Puinave South America 1 Pumé South America 1 Puquina South America 1 Purari Oceania 1 Pyu Oceania 1 Ramanos South America 1 Salinan North America 1 Sandawe Africa 1 Sapé South America 1 Sause Oceania 1 Savosavo Oceania 1 Sechuran South America 1 Seri North America 1 Shabo Africa 1 Shom Peng Eurasia 1 Siamou Africa 1 Siuslaw North America 1 Sulka Oceania 1 Sumerian Eurasia 1 Tabo Oceania 1 Taiap Oceania 1 Takelma North America 1 Tallán South America 1 Tambora Oceania 1 Tanahmerah Oceania 1 Taruma South America 1 Tauade Oceania 1 Taushiro South America 1 Timote-Cuica South America 1 Timucua North America 1 Tinigua South America 1 Tiwi Australia 1 Tonkawa North America 1 Touo Oceania 1 Trumai South America 1 Tunica North America 1 Tuxá South America 1 Umbugarla Australia 1 Urarina South America 1 Usku Oceania 1 Vilela South America 1 Wadjiginy Australia 1 Wageman Australia 1 Waorani South America 1 Warao South America 1 Washo North America 1 Wiru Oceania 1 Xukurú South America 1 Yale Oceania 1 Yámana South America 1 Yana North America 1 Yele Oceania 1 Yerakai Oceania 1 Yetfa Oceania 1 Yuchi North America 1 Yuracaré South America 1 Yurumanguí South America 1 Zuni North America 1Creoles are classified with the language that supplied their basic lexicon.
In addition to the families and isolates listed above, Glottolog uses several non-genealogical families for various languages:[6]
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