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Data-rate units - Wikipedia
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Unit of measurement
In telecommunications, data transfer rate is the average number of bits (bitrate), characters or symbols (baudrate), or data blocks per unit time passing through a communication link in a data-transmission system. Common data rate units are multiples of bits per second (bit/s) and bytes per second (B/s). For example, the data rates of modern residential high-speed Internet connections are commonly expressed in megabits per second (Mbit/s).
Standards for unit symbols and prefixes[edit]
The ISQ symbols for the bit and byte are bit and B, respectively. In the context of data-rate units, one byte consists of 8 bits, and is synonymous with the unit octet. The abbreviation bps is often used to mean bit/s, so that when a 1 Mbps connection is advertised, it usually means that the maximum achievable bandwidth is 1 Mbit/s (one million bits per second), which is 0.125 MB/s (megabyte per second), or about 0.1192 MiB/s (mebibyte per second). The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) uses the symbol b for bit.
In both the SI and ISQ, the prefix k stands for kilo, meaning 1000, while Ki is the symbol for the binary prefix kibi-, meaning 1024. The binary prefixes were introduced in 1998 by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and in IEEE 1541-2002 which was reaffirmed on 27 March 2008. The letter K is often used as a non-standard abbreviation for 1,024, especially in "KB" to mean KiB, the kilobyte in its binary sense. In the context of data rates, however, typically only decimal prefixes are used, and they have their standard SI interpretation.
In 1999, the IEC published Amendment 2 to "IEC 60027-2: Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics". This standard, approved in 1998, introduced the prefixes kibi-, mebi-, gibi-, tebi-, pebi-, and exbi- to be used in specifying binary multiples of a quantity. The name is derived from the first two letters of the original SI prefixes followed by bi (short for binary). It also clarifies that the SI prefixes are used only to mean powers of 10 and never powers of 2.
Decimal multiples of bits[edit]
These units are often used in a manner inconsistent with the IEC standard.
Kilobit per second[edit]
Kilobit per second (symbol kbit/s or kb/s, often abbreviated "kbps") is a unit of data transfer rate equal to:
- 1,000 bits per second
- 125 bytes per second
Megabit per second[edit]
Megabit per second (symbol Mbit/s or Mb/s, often abbreviated "Mbps") is a unit of data transfer rate equal to:
- 1,000 kilobits per second
- 1,000,000 bits per second
- 125,000 bytes per second
- 125 kilobytes per second
Gigabit per second[edit]
Gigabit per second (symbol Gbit/s or Gb/s, often abbreviated "Gbps") is a unit of data transfer rate equal to:
- 1,000 megabits per second
- 1,000,000 kilobits per second
- 1,000,000,000 bits per second
- 125,000,000 bytes per second
- 125 megabytes per second
Terabit per second[edit]
Terabit per second (symbol Tbit/s or Tb/s, sometimes abbreviated "Tbps") is a unit of data transfer rate equal to:
- 1,000 gigabits per second
- 1,000,000 megabits per second
- 1,000,000,000 kilobits per second
- 1,000,000,000,000 bits per second
- 125,000,000,000 bytes per second
- 125 gigabytes per second
Decimal multiples of bytes[edit]
These units are often not used in the suggested ways; see § Variations.
Kilobyte per second[edit]
kilobyte per second (kB/s) (sometimes abbreviated "kBps") is a unit of data transfer rate equal to:
- 8,000 bits per second
- 1,000 bytes per second
- 8 kilobits per second
Megabyte per second[edit]
megabyte per second (MB/s) (can be abbreviated as MBps) is a unit of data transfer rate equal to:
- 8,000,000 bits per second
- 1,000,000 bytes per second
- 1,000 kilobytes per second
- 8 megabits per second
Gigabyte per second[edit]
gigabyte per second (GB/s) (can be abbreviated as GBps) is a unit of data transfer rate equal to:
- 8,000,000,000 bits per second
- 1,000,000,000 bytes per second
- 1,000,000 kilobytes per second
- 1,000 megabytes per second
- 8 gigabits per second
Terabyte per second[edit]
terabyte per second (TB/s) (can be abbreviated as TBps) is a unit of data transfer rate equal to:
- 8,000,000,000,000 bits per second
- 1,000,000,000,000 bytes per second
- 1,000,000,000 kilobytes per second
- 1,000,000 megabytes per second
- 1,000 gigabytes per second
- 8 terabits per second
Name Symbol bit per second byte per second bit per second
(formula) byte per second
(formula) bit per second bit/s 1 0.125 1 1/8 byte per second B/s 8 1 8 1 kilobit per second kbit/s 1,000 125 103 1/8 × 103 kibibit per second Kibit/s 1,024 128 210 27 kilobyte per second kB/s 8,000 1,000 8 × 103 103 kibibyte per second KiB/s 8,192 1,024 213 210 megabit per second Mbit/s 1,000,000 125,000 106 1/8 × 106 mebibit per second Mibit/s 1,048,576 131,072 220 217 megabyte per second MB/s 8,000,000 1,000,000 8 × 106 106 mebibyte per second MiB/s 8,388,608 1,048,576 223 220 gigabit per second Gbit/s 1,000,000,000 125,000,000 109 1/8 × 109 gibibit per second Gibit/s 1,073,741,824 134,217,728 230 227 gigabyte per second GB/s 8,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 8 × 109 109 gibibyte per second GiB/s 8,589,934,592 1,073,741,824 233 230 terabit per second Tbit/s 1,000,000,000,000 125,000,000,000 1012 1/8 × 1012 tebibit per second Tibit/s 1,099,511,627,776 137,438,953,472 240 237 terabyte per second TB/s 8,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000 8 × 1012 1012 tebibyte per second TiB/s 8,796,093,022,208 1,099,511,627,776 243 240 Examples of bit rates[edit] Quantity Unit bits per second bytes per second Field Description 56 kbit/s 56,000 7,000 Networking 56 kbit modem – 56,000 bit/s 64 kbit/s 64,000 8,000 Networking 64 kbit/s in an ISDN B channel or best quality, uncompressed telephone line. 1,536 kbit/s 1,536,000 192,000 Networking 24 channels of telephone in the US, or a good VTC T1. 10 Mbit/s 10,000,000 1,250,000 Networking 107 bit/s is the speed of classic Ethernet: 10BASE2, 10BASE5, 10BASE-T 10 Mbit/s 10,000,000 1,250,000 Biology Research suggests that the human retina transmits data to the brain at the rate of ca. 107 bit/s[1][2][dubious – discuss] 54 Mbit/s 54,000,000 6,750,000 Networking 802.11g, Wireless G LAN 100 Mbit/s 100,000,000 12,500,000 Networking Fast Ethernet 600 Mbit/s 600,000,000 75,000,000 Networking 802.11n, Wireless N LAN 1 Gbit/s 1,000,000,000 125,000,000 Networking 1 Gigabit Ethernet 10 Gbit/s 10,000,000,000 1,250,000,000 Networking 10 Gigabit Ethernet 100 Gbit/s 100,000,000,000 12,500,000,000 Networking 100 Gigabit Ethernet 1 Tbit/s 1,000,000,000,000 125,000,000,000 Networking SEA-ME-WE 4 submarine communications cable – 1.28 terabits per second[3] 4 kbit/s 4,000 500 Audio data minimum achieved for encoding recognizable speech (using special-purpose speech codecs) 8 kbit/s 8,000 1,000 Audio data low bit rate telephone quality 32 kbit/s 32,000 4,000 Audio data MW quality and ADPCM voice in telephony, doubling the capacity of a 30 chan link to 60 ch. 128 kbit/s 128,000 16,000 Audio data 128 kbit/s MP3 – 128,000 bit/s 192 kbit/s 192,000 24,000 Audio data 192 kbit/s MP3 – 192,000 bit/s 1,411.2 kbit/s 1,411,200 176,400 Audio data CD audio (uncompressed, 16 bit samples × 44.1 kHz × 2 channels) 2 Mbit/s 2,000,000 250,000 Video data 30 channels of telephone audio or a Video Tele-Conference at VHS quality 8 Mbit/s 8,000,000 1,000,000 Video data DVD quality 27 Mbit/s 27,000,000 3,375,000 Video data HDTV quality 1.244 Gbit/s 1,244,000,000 155,500,000 Networking OC-24, a 1.244 Gbit/s SONET data channel 9.953 Gbit/s 9,953,000,000 1,244,125,000 Networking OC-192, a 9.953 Gbit/s SONET data channel 39.813 Gbit/s 39,813,000,000 4,976,625,000 Networking OC-768, a 39.813 Gbit/s SONET data channel, the fastest in current use 60 MB/s 480,000,000 60,000,000 Computer data interfaces USB 2.0 High-Speed 98.3 MB/s 786,432,000 98,304,000 Computer data interfaces FireWire IEEE 1394b-2002 S800 120 MB/s 960,000,000 120,000,000 Computer data interfaces Harddrive read, Samsung SpinPoint F1 HD103Uj[4] 133 MB/s 1,064,000,000 133,000,000 Computer data interfaces Parallel ATA UDMA 6 133 MB/s 1,064,000,000 133,000,000 Computer data interfaces PCI 32-bit at 33 MHz (standard configuration) 188 MB/s 1,504,000,000 188,000,000 Computer data interfaces SATA I 1.5 Gbit/s – First generation 375 MB/s 3,000,000,000 375,000,000 Computer data interfaces SATA II 3 Gbit/s – Second generation 500 MB/s 4,000,000,000 500,000,000 Computer data interfaces PCI Express x1 v2.0 5.0 Gbit/s 5,000,000,000 625,000,000 Computer data interfaces USB 3.0 SuperSpeed - a.k.a. USB 3.1 Gen1 750 MB/s 6,000,000,000 750,000,000 Computer data interfaces SATA III 6 Gbit/s – Third generation 1,067 MB/s 8,533,333,333 1,066,666,667 Computer data interfaces PCI-X 64 bit 133 MHz 10 Gbit/s 10,000,000,000 1,250,000,000 Computer data interfaces USB 3.1 SuperSpeed+ - a.k.a. USB 3.1 Gen2 1,250 MB/s 10,000,000,000 1,250,000,000 Computer data interfaces Thunderbolt 2,500 MB/s 20,000,000,000 2,500,000,000 Computer data interfaces Thunderbolt 2 5,000 MB/s 40,000,000,000 5,000,000,000 Computer data interfaces Thunderbolt 3 8,000 MB/s 64,000,000,000 8,000,000,000 Computer data interfaces PCI Express x16 v2.0 12,000 MB/s 96,000,000,000 12,000,000,000 Computer data interfaces InfiniBand 12X QDR 16,000 MB/s 128,000,000,000 16,000,000,000 Computer data interfaces PCI Express x16 v3.0
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