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Collection of standard, Unix-based utilities from GNU
The GNU Core Utilities or coreutils is a collection of GNU software that implements many standard, Unix-based shell commands. The utilities generally provide POSIX compliant interface when the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable is set, but otherwise offers a superset to the standard interface. For example, the utilities support long options and options after parameters. This environment variable enables a different functionality in BSD.
Similar collections are available in the FOSS ecosystem, with a slightly different scope and focus (less functionality), or license. For example, BusyBox which is licensed under GPL-2.0-only, and Toybox which is licensed under 0BSD.
The commands implemented by coreutils are listed below. Throughout this article and customary for Unix-based systems, the term file refers to all file system items including regular files and special files such as directories.
chcon – Changes file security context (SELinux)chgrp – Changes file group ownershipchown – Changes file user ownershipchmod – Changes file permissionscp – Copies filesdd – Copies and converts file datadf – Reports file system free spacedir – Like ls -C -b; by default lists files in columns, sorted verticallydircolors – Configures colors used for ls outputinstall – Copies files and sets file attributesln – Creates a link to a filels – Lists filesmkdir – Creates directoriesmkfifo – Creates named pipes (FIFOs)mknod – Creates block or character special filesmktemp – Creates temporary regular files or directoriesmv – Moves and renames filesrealpath – Reports the absolute or relative path of a filerm – Deletes filesrmdir – Deletes empty directoriesshred – Overwrites a file to hide its contents and optionally deletes itsync – Flushes file system bufferstouch – Changes file timestamps; creating files if they do not existtruncate – Sets the size of a file via truncation or extensionvdir – Like ls -l -b; by default lists files in long formatb2sum – Computes and checks BLAKE2b message digestbase32 – Encodes or decodes base32base64 – Encodes or decodes base64basenc – Encodes or decodes various encodings including hexadecimal, base32, base64, and Z85cat – Concatenates filescksum – Report or compute the checksum of filescomm – Compares two sorted files line by linecsplit – Splits a file into sections determined by context linescut – Removes sections from each line of filesexpand – Converts tabs to spacesfmt – Formats textfold – Wraps each input line to fit in specified widthhead – Outputs the first part of filesjoin – Joins lines of two files on a common fieldmd5sum – Computes and checks MD5 message digestnl – Numbers lines of filesnumfmt – Formats numbersod – Dumps files in octal and other formatspaste – Merges lines of filesptx – Produces a permuted index of file contentspr – Paginates or columnates filessha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum – Computes and checks SHA-1/SHA-2 message digestsshuf – Generates random permutationssort – Sorts lines of text filessplit – Splits a file into piecessum – Checksums and counts the blocks in a filetac – Concatenates files in reverse order; line by linetail – Outputs the last part of filestr – Translates or deletes characterstsort – Performs a topological sortunexpand – Converts spaces to tabsuniq – Removes duplicate lines from a sorted filewc – Reports the number of bytes, words, and lines in filesarch – Reports machine hardware name; same as uname -mbasename – Removes the path prefix from a given pathnamechroot – Changes the root directorydate – Reports or sets the system date and timedirname – Strips non-directory suffix from file namedu – Shows disk usage on file systemsecho – Outputs textenv – Reports and modifies environment variablesexpr – Evaluates expressionsfactor – Factors numbersfalse – Does nothing but exit with unsuccessful statusgroups – Reports the groups of which the user is a memberhostid – Reports the numeric identifier for the current hostid – Reports the real or effective UID and GIDlink – Creates a link to a filelogname – Reports the user's login namenice – Modifies scheduling prioritynohup – Allows a command to continue running after logging outnproc – Queries the number of (active) processorspathchk – Checks whether file names are valid or portablepinky – A lightweight version of fingerprintenv – Reports environment variablesprintf – Formats textpwd – Reports the current working directoryreadlink – Reports the value of a symbolic linkruncon – Run command with specified security contextseq – Reports a sequence of numberssleep – Blocks (delays, waits) for a specified amount of timestat – Reports information about an inodestdbuf – Runs a command with custom standard streams configurationstty – Changes and reports terminal line settingstee – Sends output to multiple filestest – Evaluates an expressiontimeout – Runs a command with a time limittrue – Does nothing but exit with success statustty – Reports the terminal nameuname – Reports system informationunlink – Removes files via unlink() functionuptime – Reports how long the system has been runningusers – Reports the user names of users currently logged into the current hostwho – Reports logged-in userswhoami – Reports the effective useridyes – Outputs a string repeatedly[ – Synonym for test that enables expressions like [ expression ]In 1990, David MacKenzie announced GNU fileutils.[3]
In 1991, MacKenzie announced GNU shellutils and GNU textutils.[4][5] Moreover, Jim Meyering became the maintainer of the packages (known now as coreutils) and has remained so since.[6]
In September 2002, the GNU coreutils were created by merging the earlier packages textutils, shellutils, and fileutils, along with some other miscellaneous utilities.[7]
In July 2007, the license of the GNU coreutils was updated from GPL-2.0-or-later to GPL-3.0-or-later.[8]
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