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Beylik of Dulkadir - Wikipedia

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Turkish principality in Anatolia, between 1337-1522

The Beylik of Dulkadir (Turkish: Dulkadiroğulları Beyliği) was one of the Turkish Anatolian beyliks (principality) established by the Oghuz Turk clans Bayat, Afshar, and Begdili after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.

The meaning of Dulkadir is unclear. It was later Arabized or reinterpreted according to folk tradition as Dhu'l-Qadr, which means 'powerful' or 'mighty'. According to 16th-century German historian Johannes Leunclavius, Dulkadir was a corruption of the Turkic name Torghud. Franz Babinger considered it very probable, as the name was likely derived from some Turkish name, further suggesting that this would also mean the dynasty of Dulkadir is related to the Turkoman Turghudlu tribe. On the other hand, Annemarie von Gabain proposed tulga-dar (lit. 'helmet-bearer') as the original Turkic word it sprang from. According to Turkologist Louis Bazin, the name may be rooted in the term "dolga," which means "to hurt" or "to agonize". Historian Faruk Sümer suggested that Dulkadir could be the Turkmen pronunciation of the Muslim given name Abdul Qadir, parallel to how the Ilkhanate ruler Abu Sa'id (r. 1316–35) was known as "Busad" by his Turkmen subjects. Another historian, Refet Yinanç, supported Sümer's view.

Medieval Armenian authors referred to the Dulkadirids as Tulgharts'i, Tulgharats'i, Dulgharats'i, Tulghatarts'i, or Dulghatarts'i. While Persian sources spelled Dulkadir as Zulkadir, Arabic sources spelled it as Dulgadir or Tulgadir. Ottoman sources used a combination of Zulkadir and Dulkadir.

The principality was founded by Zayn al-Din Qaraja, a Turkoman chieftain, likely from the Bayat tribe, who established himself in the region of Elbistan in 1335, taking the town in 1337 and obtaining the title of na'ib from the Mamluk Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad. In 1515, after the Battle of Turnadağ, the principality was conquered by the Ottoman Sultan Selim I's vizier Hadım Sinan Pasha and converted into a sanjak.

Alıç, Samet (2020). "Memlûkler Tarafından Katledilen Dulkadir Emirleri" [The Dulkadir's Emirs Killed by the Mamluks]. The Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute (in Turkish) (43): 83–94. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Babinger, Franz (2012). "Ṭorg̲h̲ud-eli". In Houtsma, M. Th.; Arnold, T. W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. I. Brill.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press.
Har-El, Shai (1995). Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman-Mamluk War, 1485-91. E.J. Brill. ISBN 9004101802. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Mordtmann, Johannes Heinrich & Ménage, Victor Louis (2012). "Ḏh̲u 'l-Ḳadr". Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online. Leiden: E. J. Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1828.
Öztuna, Yılmaz (2005). Devletler ve hanedanlar: Türkiye (1074-1990) (in Turkish). Ministry of Culture. ISBN 9751704693. OCLC 949531568.
Sanjian, Avedis K. (5 February 1969). Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480, A Source for Middle Eastern History (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674432611. OCLC 54310. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
Venzke, Margaret L. (2017). "Dulkadir". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
Yinanç, Refet (1989). Dulkadir Beyliği (in Turkish). Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Press. ISBN 9751601711. OCLC 21676736.

Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Ancestor: Qutalmish
Founder: Suleyman I
Capital: İznik, then Konya

Important centers and extension

Dynasty

Suleyman I (1077–1086)
Kilij Arslan I (1092–1107)
Melikshah (1107–1116)
Mesud I (1116–1156)
Kilij Arslan II (1156–1192)
Kaykhusraw I (1192–1196)
Süleymanshah II (1196–1204)
Kilij Arslan III (1204–1205)
Kaykhusraw I (2nd reign) (1205–1211)
Kaykaus I (1211–1220)
Kayqubad I (1220–1237)
Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246)
Kaykaus II (1246–1260)
Kilij Arslan IV (1248–1265)
Kayqubad II (1249–1257)
Kaykhusraw III (1265–1282)
Mesud II (1282–1284)
Kayqubad III (1284)
Mesud II (2nd reign) (1284–1293)
Kayqubad III (2nd reign) (1293–1294)
Mesud II (3rd reign) (1294–1301)
Kayqubad III (3rd reign) (1301–1303)
Mesud II (4th reign) (1303–1307)
Mesud III (1307)

Chronology

Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Wars and major battles

Culture Arts

Anatolian Seljuk architecture

Writers and scholars

Other notable people

Anatolian beyliks Tzachas

(1081 - 1092)

Founder: Tzachas
Capital: İzmir

Important centers and extension:

Shah-Armens

(1100–1207)

Founder: Sökmen el Kutbi
Capital: Ahlat

Important centers and extension:

Dynasty:

Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112)
Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?)
Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?)
Sökmen the Second (1128–1185)
Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193)
Aksungur (1193–1197)
Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)

Important works:

Ahlat Tombs

Artuqids

(1102 - )

Ancestors: Eksük and his son Artuk, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
Founder: Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
Capitals: Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput

Important centers and extension:

Diyarbakır
Hasankeyf
Silvan
Mardin
Midyat
Harput
Palu
Aleppo (temporarily in 1117)

Hasankeyf dynasty or Sökmenli dynasty:

Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104)
Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)

Mardin dynasty or Ilgazi dynasty:

Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122)
Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154)
Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)

Harput dynasty:

Belek Bey (1112–1124)
Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?)
Sökmen the Second (? - ?)

Danishmendids

(1071–1178)

Founder: Danishmend Gazi
Capitals: Sivas; Niksar

Important centers and extension:

Dynasty:

Danishmend Gazi (1071–1084)
Gazi Gümüshtigin (1084–1104)
Emir Gazi (1104–1134)
Melik Mehmed (1134–1142)
Melik Zünnun (1142–1143)
Yağıbasan (1143–1164)
Melik Ismail (1164–1175)
Nasreddin Muhammed (1175-1178)

Mengujekids

(1071–1277)

Founder: Mengücek Bey
Capitals: Erzincan, later also Divriği

Important centers and extension:

Dynasty:

Mengücek Bey (1071–1118); Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120)
1120–1142: Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends

Erzincan and Kemah branch

Mengücekli Davud Shah (1142- ?)
1228: Incorporation into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Divriği branch

Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
1277: Beylik destroyed by Abaka

Saltukids

(1072–1202)

Founder: Saltuk Bey
Capital: Erzurum

Important centers and extension:

Dynasty:

Saltuk Bey (1072–1102)
Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124)
Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132)
Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168)
Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191)
Mama Hatun (1191–1200)
Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)

Aydinids

(1307–1425)

Founder: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
Capitals: Birgi, later Ayasluğ

Important centers and extension:

Tire
İzmir
Alaşehir
Aydın
Sakız/Chios (between 1336–1344)

Dynasty:

Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334)
Umur Beg (1334–1348)
Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
Aydınoğlu Isa Bey (- 1390)

Events

1390: First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
1402–1414: Second period of Beylik reconstituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403); Aydınoğlu Umur Bey (1403–1405); İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals)
1425: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II