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The kings and dukes of Lorraine have held different posts under different governments over different regions, since its creation as the kingdom of Lotharingia by the Treaty of Prüm, in 855. The first rulers of the newly established region were kings of the Franks. The Latin construction "Lotharingia" evolved over time into "Lorraine" in French, "Lotharingen" in Dutch and "Lothringen" in German. After the Carolingian kingdom was absorbed into its neighbouring realms in the late ninth century, dukes were appointed over the territory. In the mid-tenth century, the duchy was divided into Lower Lorraine and Upper Lorraine, the first evolving into the historical Low Countries, the second became known as the Duchy of Lorraine and existed well into the modern era.
Kings of Lotharingia[edit]Charles the Bald claimed Lotharingia on Lothair's death and was crowned king in Metz, but his brother Louis the German opposed his claim and in 870 the Treaty of Mersen divided Lotharingia between the two brothers and subsequently their sons. In 880, the Treaty of Ribemont gave the whole of Lotharingia to Louis the Younger, son of Louis the German.
In 925, Lotharingia was subsumed into East Francia.
Dukes of Lotharingia[edit]In 959, Lorraine was divided into two districts, Lower and Upper Lorraine, each governed by a margrave, under Bruno. Upon Bruno's death in 965, these two margraves were recognised as dukes of Lower and Upper Lorraine, respectively. The two duchies remained separate, following separate pathways, except for the period between 1033 and 1044.
Dukes of Lower Lorraine[edit]Matfriding dynasty
After the death of Richer, the duchy was directly administrated by the holy emperor until the arrival of Charles I
Carolingian dynasty
House of Ardennes–Verdun
House of (Ardenne–) Luxembourg
House of Ardennes–Verdun
Salian dynasty
House of Boulogne (Ardennes–Bouillon)
Junior branch of the previous rulers of Ardennes–Metz, known as the House of Lorraine
Portrait Name Start term End term Note René II 24 July 1473 10 December 1508 grandson of René I and Isabella; also Duke of Bar Antoine 10 December 1508 14 June 1544 Francis I 14 June 1544 12 June 1545 Charles III 12 June 1545 14 May 1608 Henry II 14 May 1608 31 July 1624 Nicole 31 July 1624 25 November 1625 she was the daughter of Henry II; the estates of Lorraine eventually decided that she was not eligible to reign, and gave the crown to her uncle, Francis II; her husband and first cousin, Charles IV, would reign thereafter Francis II 25 November 1625 1 December 1625 he immediately abdicated in favour of his son, Charles IV; died 1632 Charles IV 1 December 1625 19 January 1634 abdicated in favour of his brother Nicholas II 19 January 1634 1 April 1634 fled into exile and abdicated in favour of his older brother; the duchy remained under effective French control for the next 27 years Charles IV 1 April 1634 18 September 1675 nominally restored as a result of his brother's abdication; Lorraine was occupied by France, and the Duke in exile, from 1634 to 1661 and again from 1670 until his death Charles V Leopold 18 September 1675 18 April 1690 He was in exile and Lorraine was occupied by France throughout his nominal reign Leopold 18 April 1690 27 March 1729 He was in exile and Lorraine was occupied by France until 30 October 1697, when it was returned to Léopold Joseph; it was again occupied by France from 1702 to 1714, although the duke remained in place Francis III Stephen 27 March 1729 9 July 1737 traded Lorraine in exchange for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany; elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1745; died 1765, husband of Empress Maria Theresa House of Leszczyński[edit] Portrait Name Start term End term Note Stanisław I 9 July 1737 23 February 1766 Former king of Poland. After him, the Duchy is inherited by his son-in-law, king Louis XV of France and incorporated in his dominionsThe House of Habsburg-Lorraine continued carrying the title as titular Dukes of Lorraine.
Putnam, Ruth. Alsace and Lorraine: From Cæsar to Kaiser, 58 B.C.-1871 A.D. New York: 1915.
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