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Bonapartism - Wikipedia

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French monarchist ideology

"The Four Napoleons", 1858 propaganda image depicting Napoleon I, Napoleon II, Napoleon III, and Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial

Bonapartism (French: Bonapartisme) is the political ideology supervening from Napoleon Bonaparte and his followers and successors. The term was used in the narrow sense to refer to people who hoped to restore the House of Bonaparte and its style of government. In this sense, a Bonapartiste was a person who either actively participated in or advocated for imperial political factions in 19th-century France. Although Bonapartism emerged in 1814 with the first fall of Napoleon, it only developed doctrinal clarity and cohesion by the 1840s.^[1]

The term developed a broad definition used to mean political movements that advocate for an authoritarian centralised state, with a military strongman and charismatic leader with relatively traditionalist ideology.^[2]

Marxism and Leninism developed a vocabulary of political terms that included Bonapartism, derived from analysis of the career of Napoleon Bonaparte. Karl Marx, a student of Jacobinism and the French Revolution, was a contemporary critic of the Second Republic and the Second Empire.^[3]

Noted political scientists and historians greatly differ on the definition and interpretation of Bonapartism. Sudhir Hazareesingh's book The Legend of Napoleon explores numerous interpretations of the term.^[4]

Bonapartist claimants[edit] List of Bonapartist claimants to the French throne since 1814[edit]

Those who ruled are indicated with an asterisk.

Claimant Portrait Birth Marriages Death Napoleon I*
1814–1815
1815-1821 15 August 1769, Ajaccio
Son of Carlo Buonaparte
and Letizia Ramolino Joséphine de Beauharnais
9 March 1796
No children
Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma
11 March 1810
1 child 5 May 1821
Longwood, Saint Helena
Aged 51 Napoleon II*
1821–1832 20 March 1811, Paris
Son of Napoleon I
and Marie Louise of Austria Never married 22 July 1832
Vienna
Aged 21 Joseph Bonaparte
(Joseph I)
1832–1844 7 January 1768, Corte
Son of Carlo Buonaparte
and Letizia Ramolino Julie Clary
1 August 1794
2 children 28 July 1844
Florence
Aged 76 Louis Bonaparte
(Louis I)
1844–1846 2 September 1778, Ajaccio
Son of Carlo Buonaparte
and Letizia Ramolino Hortense de Beauharnais
4 January 1802
3 children 25 July 1846
Livorno
Aged 67 Napoleon III*
1846–1873
President of France (1848–1852)
Emperor of the French (1852–1870) 20 April 1808, Paris
Son of Louis Bonaparte
and Hortense de Beauharnais Eugénie de Montijo
30 January 1853
1 child 9 January 1873
Chislehurst
Aged 64 Napoléon, Prince Imperial
(Napoleon IV)
1873–1879 16 March 1856, Paris
Son of Napoleon III
and Eugénie de Montijo Never married 1 June 1879
Zulu Kingdom
Aged 23 Prince Napoléon-Jérôme Bonaparte
(Napoleon V)
1879–1891
(disputed) 9 September 1822, Trieste
Son of Jérôme, King of Westphalia
and Catharina of Württemberg Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy
30 January 1859
3 children 17 March 1891
Rome
Aged 68 Victor, Prince Napoléon
(Napoleon V)
1879–1926
(disputed until 1891) 18 July 1862, Palais-Royal
Son of Prince Napoléon Bonaparte
and Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy Princess Clémentine of Belgium
10/14 November 1910
2 children 3 May 1926
Brussels
Aged 63 Louis, Prince Napoléon
(Napoleon VI)
1926–1997 23 January 1914, Brussels
Son of Victor, Prince Napoléon
and Princess Clémentine of Belgium Alix de Foresta
16 August 1949
4 children 3 May 1997
Prangins
Aged 83 Charles, Prince Napoléon
(Napoleon VII)
1997–present
(disputed) 19 October 1950, Boulogne-Billancourt
Son of Louis, Prince Napoléon
and Alix, Princess Napoléon Princess Béatrice of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
19 December 1978
2 children
Jeanne-Françoise Valliccioni
28 September 1996
2 children (1 adopted) Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon
(Napoleon VIII)
1997–present
(disputed) 11 July 1986, Saint-Raphaël, Var
Son of Charles, Prince Napoléon
and Princess Béatrice of Bourbon-Two Sicilies Countess Olympia von und zu Arco-Zinneberg
17 October 2019
1 child

Based on the career of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, Marxism and Leninism defined Bonapartism as a political expression.^[5] Karl Marx was a student of Jacobinism and the French Revolution, as well as a contemporary critic of the Second Republic and Second Empire. He used the term Bonapartism to refer to a situation in which counter-revolutionary military officers seize power from revolutionaries, and use selective reformism to co-opt the radicalism of the masses. In the process, Marx argued, Bonapartists preserve and mask the power of a narrower ruling class. He believed that both Napoleon I and Napoleon III had corrupted revolutions in France in this way. Marx offered this definition of and analysis of Bonapartism in The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, written in 1852. In this document, he drew attention to what he calls the phenomenon's repetitive history with one of his most quoted lines, typically condensed aphoristically as: "History repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce."^[6]^[7]

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^ Alexander, Robert (2022), Forrest, Alan; Hicks, Peter (eds.), "Bonapartism", The Cambridge History of the Napoleonic Wars: Volume 3: Experience, Culture and Memory, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, pp. 512–531, doi:10.1017/9781108278119.026, ISBN 978-1-108-41767-9
^ "Definition of BONAPARTISM".
^ Dülffer, Jost (1976). "Bonapartism, Fascism and National Socialism". Journal of Contemporary History. 11 (4): 109–128. doi:10.1177/002200947601100407.
^ Hazareesingh, Sudhir (3 July 2014). The Legend of Napoleon. Granta Books. ISBN 978-1-78378-123-2.
^ [1], Marxists website
^ Marx, Karl (1973). David Fernbach (ed.). Surveys in Exile. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-14-021603-5. Hegel remarks somewhere that all great events and characters of world history occur, so to speak, twice. He forgot to add: the first time as tragedy, the second time as farce.
^ Marx, Karl (1963). The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. New York: International Publishers. pp. 15. ISBN 0-7178-0056-3.

Bluche, Frédéric (1980). Le bonapartisme: aux origines de la droite autoritaire (1800–1850). Nouvelles Editions Latines. ISBN 978-2723301046.

Alexander, Robert S. Bonapartism and revolutionary Tradition in France: the Fédérés of 1815 (Cambridge University Press, 2002)
Baehr, Peter R., and Melvin Richter, eds. Dictatorship in history and theory: Bonapartism, Caesarism, and totalitarianism (Cambridge University Press, 2004)
Dulffer, Jost. "Bonapartism, Fascism and National Socialism." Journal of Contemporary History (1976): 109–128. In JSTOR
McLynn, Frank (1998). Napoleon. Pimlico.
Mitchell, Allan. "Bonapartism as a model for Bismarckian politics." Journal of Modern History (1977): 181–199. In JSTOR
Bluche, Frédéric, Le Bonapartisme, collection Que sais-je ?, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1981.
Choisel, Francis, Bonapartisme et gaullisme, Paris, Albatros, 1987.