From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Arab fascism (Arabic: الفاشية العربية) is a far-right ideology combining fascism with Arab nationalism.
The ideology emerged shortly after the First World War and grew during the interwar period. As the rise of Arab fascism was concurrent with the Arab independence from the Ottoman Empire, Arab fascists were very Anti-Turkish.[1] Arab fascism grew with support from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, and Arab fascists became increasingly antisemitic after the establishment of Israel.[2][3][4][5] Arab fascism first grew in Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Palestine, and Egypt.[7][8][9] Some Arab fascists adhered to Arab-Islamic nationalism, while the rest were secular.[10]
Michel Aflaq had purchased a copy of The Myth of the Twentieth Century, a book about Nazism. Ba'athism was described by Cyprian Blamires as being inspired by Arab fascism, although with the addition of socialism.[13][14][15] Saddam Hussein was sometimes described as a fascist or being influenced by fascist ideology and state leaders like Adolf Hitler.[16][17][18] In 1941, Arab fascists in Iraq committed the Farhud, an antisemitic pogrom.[19][20][21][22]
During the 1930s and subsequent decades, nationalist movements across the Arab world drew significant influence from European fascist ideologies, with this trend being actively promoted by both Italy and Germany. Mussolini strategically positioned himself as a promoter of Arab nationalism, particularly to expand Italian regional power. In Italian Libya, he was given titles such as "hero of Islam" and "defender of Islam," and Italian authorities established a parallel Libyan Arab Fascist organization.Throughout the 1930s, antisemitic sentiment grew in various Middle Eastern regions as fascist and Nazi ideologies gained appeal among Arab nationalist leaders. Representatives from Syria and Iraq participated in the Nürnberg party congresses, and Mein Kampf was translated into Arabic multiple times. Both German and Italian governments conducted extensive propaganda campaigns targeting Arab audiences, with particularly strong pro-German feelings developing in Egypt By 1939. Three organizations demonstrated the most direct influence from European fascism: the Syrian People's Party (also called the Syrian National Socialist Party), Iraq's Al-Futuwwa youth organization, and Egypt's Young Egypt movement (known as the Green Shirts). These three shared common characteristics of anti-rationalism, anti-intellectualism, emotional appeal, and territorial expansionist goals. Sami Shawkat, who developed the ideological framework for the Futuwa movement, promoted a vision of a unified "Arab nation" with expansionist ambitions.[23]
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