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Anthropos phonetic alphabet - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Phonetic alphabet developed in the 1900s

The Anthropos phonetic alphabet is a phonetic transcription to be used in the journal Anthropos and published by Wilhelm Schmidt in 1907.[1] Transcription is italic, without other delimiters. It shares similarities with Karl Richard Lepsius' Standard Alphabet or some Americanist phonetic notations Edward Sapir and Franz Boas introduced to the United States.

Anthropos alphabet (1907) Labial Coronal
("Dental") Palatal Dorsal
("Guttural") Pharyn-
geal Epi-
glottal Glottal Bilabial Labio-
dental Inter-
dental Alveolar Retroflex Pre-
velar Velar Uvular Plosive voiceless p t̯ t ṭ c k̯ k ḳ ʼ voiced b d̯ d ḍ j g̯ g g̣ ꜣ Affricate voiceless p̌ (pf) t͏̯̌ (t̯s̯) t͏̌ (ts) ṭ̌ (ṭṣ) č (tš) ǩ̯ (k̯x̯) ǩ (kx) ḳ̌ (ḳx̣) voiced b̌ (bv) d͏̯̌ (d̯z̯) d͏̌ (dz) ḍ̌ (ḍẓ) ǰ (dž) ǧ̯ (g̯y) ǧ (gÿ) ǧ̣ (g̣ỵ̈) Fricative voiceless ff (f̯) f s̯ s ṣ š x̯ x x̣ ḥ h́ h voiced w v z̯ z ẓ ž y ÿ ỵ̈ ꜣ Rhotic r̯ ꭈ̯ r ꭈ ṛ ꭈ̣ ꭉ̯ ꭊ̯ ꭉ ꭊ ꭉ̣ ꭊ̣ Lateral flap 𝼑 Lateral liquid l̯ l ḷ (ĺ) ɫ Lateral affricate voiceless t̪ (t̰)[2] k̪ (k̰) voiced d̪ (d̰) g̪ (g̰) Lateral fricative voiceless s̪ (s̰) x̪ (x̰) voiced z̪ (z̰) y̪ (y̰) Nasal m ꬺ (ṁ) n̯ n ṇ (ń) ꬻ̯ ꬻ (ṅ) ꬻ̣ Prenasalized? voiceless p̰ t̰ k̰ voiced b̰ d̰ g̰ Ejective p̓ t̕ k̓ Ingressive p ʇ ʇ̣ ɔ ʞ

Palatalized consonants are written with an acute – t́ d́ ć j́ ś ź ĺ ń etc. Semivowels are i̯ u̯ ü̯ o̯ e̯ etc.

Vowels are inconsistent between languages. ï ë etc. may be used for unrounded central vowels,[3] and the ⟨a⟩-based letters are poorly defined, with height and rounding confounded.

Anthropos (semi)vowels (1907) Front Central Back unround round unround round unround round Semivowel i̯ ü̯ ī̯ ū̯ ï̯ u̯ High higher i ü ī (ï) ū ï u lower i̠ ü̠ ī̠ ū̠ ï̠ u̠ Mid higher ẹ ọ̈ ẹ̄ ọ̄ ẹ̈ ọ mid e ö ē (ë) ō ë o lower e̠ ö̠ ē̠ ō̠ ë̠ o̠ Low higher a̤̣ a̰̣ mid a̤
ạ ä a̰
a̠ lower a

There are actually three heights of low front and back vowels. ā is also seen for a low back vowel.

Reduced (obscure) vowels are i̥ e̥ ḁ etc. There are also extra-high vowels ị ụ etc.

  1. ^ P. W. Schmidt, P. G. Schmidt and P. J. Hermes, "Die Sprachlaute und ihre Darstellung in einem allgemeinen linguistischen Alphabet (Schluß) / Les sons du langage et leur représentation dans un alphabet linguistique général (Conclusion)", Anthropos, Bd. 2, H. 5. (1907), insert at page 1098
  2. ^ Although Anthropos specifies a bridge for lateral obstruents, it was more common at the time to use a tilde.
  3. ^ The central vowels shown here do not appear in the main vowel charts, but occur in various illustrations.

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