The C standard library is the C language standardized collection of header files and library routines used to implement common operations, such as input/output and string handling. It became part of the C++ Standard Library as the Standard C Library in its ANSI C 89 form with some small modifications to make it work better with the C++ Standard Library but remaining outside of the std namespace. Header files in the C++ Standard Library do not end in ".h". However, the C++ Standard Library includes 18 header files from the C Standard Library, with ".h" endings. Their use is deprecated (ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E) Programming Languages — C++).
For a more in depth look into the C programming language check the C Programming Wikibook but be aware of the incompatibilities we have already covered on the Comparing C++ with C Section of this book.
Functions Descriptions abort The abort() function causes abnormal process termination to occur, unless the signal SIGABRT is being caught and the signal handler does not return abs absolute value without minus acos arc cosine asctime a textual version of the time asin arc sine assert stops the program if an expression isn't true atan arc tangent atan2 arc tangent, using signs to determine quadrants atexit sets a function to be called when the program exits atof converts a string to a double atoi converts a string to an integer atol converts a string to a long bsearch perform a binary search calloc allocates and clears a two-dimensional chunk of memory ceil the smallest integer not less than a certain value clearerr clears errors clock returns the amount of time that the program has been running cos cosine cosh hyperbolic cosine ctime returns a specifically formatted version of the time difftime the difference between two times div returns the quotient and remainder of a division exit stop the program exp returns "e" raised to a given power fabs absolute value for floating-point numbers fclose close a file feof true if at the end-of-file ferror checks for a file error fflush writes the contents of the output buffer fgetc get a character from a stream fgetpos get the file position indicator fgets get a string of characters from a stream floor returns the largest integer not greater than a given value fmod returns the remainder of a division fopen open a file fprintf print formatted output to a file fputc write a character to a file fputs write a string to a file fread read from a file free returns previously allocated memory to the operating system freopen open an existing stream with a different name frexp decomposes a number into scientific notation fscanf read formatted input from a file fseek move to a specific location in a file fsetpos move to a specific location in a file ftell returns the current file position indicator fwrite write to a file getc read a character from a file getchar read a character from STDIN getenv get environment information about a variable gets read a string from STDIN gmtime returns a pointer to the current Greenwich Mean Time isalnum true if a character is alphanumeric isalpha true if a character is alphabetic iscntrl true if a character is a control character isdigit true if a character is a digit isgraph true if a character is a graphical character islower true if a character is lowercase isprint true if a character is a printing character ispunct true if a character is punctuation isspace true if a character is a space character isupper true if a character is an uppercase character itoa Convert a integer to a string isxdigit true if a character is a hexadecimal character labs absolute value for long integers ldexp computes a number in scientific notation ldiv returns the quotient and remainder of a division, in long integer form localtime returns a pointer to the current time log natural logarithm log10 natural logarithm, in base 10 longjmp start execution at a certain point in the program malloc allocates memory memchr searches an array for the first occurrence of a character memcmp compares two buffers memcpy copies one buffer to another memmove moves one buffer to another memset fills a buffer with a character mktime returns the calendar version of a given time modf decomposes a number into integer and fractional parts perror displays a string version of the current error to STDERR pow returns a given number raised to another number printf write formatted output to STDOUT putc write a character to a stream putchar write a character to STDOUT puts write a string to STDOUT qsort perform a quicksort. raise send a signal to the program rand returns a pseudo-random number realloc changes the size of previously allocated memory remove erase a file rename rename a file rewind move the file position indicator to the beginning of a file scanf read formatted input from STDIN setbuf set the buffer for a specific stream setjmp set execution to start at a certain point setlocale sets the current locale setvbuf set the buffer and size for a specific stream signal register a function as a signal handler sin sine sinh hyperbolic sine sprintf write formatted output to a buffer sqrt square root srand initialize the random number generator sscanf read formatted input from a buffer strcat concatenates two strings strchr finds the first occurrence of a character in a string strcmp compares two strings strcoll compares two strings in accordance to the current locale strcpy copies one string to another strcspn searches one string for any characters in another strerror returns a text version of a given error code strftime returns individual elements of the date and time strlen returns the length of a given string strncat concatenates a certain amount of characters of two strings strncmp compares a certain amount of characters of two strings strncpy copies a certain amount of characters from one string to another strpbrk finds the first location of any character in one string, in another string strrchr finds the last occurrence of a character in a string strspn returns the length of a substring of characters of a string strstr finds the first occurrence of a substring of characters strtod converts a string to a double strtok finds the next token in a string strtol converts a string to a long strtoul converts a string to anunsigned long strxfrm converts a substring so that it can be used by string comparison functions system perform a system call tan tangent tanh hyperbolic tangent time returns the current calendar time of the system tmpfile return a pointer to a temporary file tmpnam return a unique filename tolower converts a character to lowercase toupper converts a character to uppercase ungetc puts a character back into a stream va_arg use variable length parameter lists vprintf, vfprintf, and vsprintf write formatted output with variable argument lists vscanf, vfscanf, and vsscanf read formatted input with variable argument lists
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