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Showing content from https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/../types/numeric_limits/../../numeric/math/log10.html below:

std::log10, std::log10f, std::log10l - cppreference.com

(1) float       log10 ( float num );

double      log10 ( double num );

long double log10 ( long double num ); (until C++23)

/*floating-point-type*/
            log10 ( /*floating-point-type*/ num );

(since C++23)
(constexpr since C++26)

float       log10f( float num );

(2) (since C++11)
(constexpr since C++26)

long double log10l( long double num );

(3) (since C++11)
(constexpr since C++26) template< /*math-floating-point*/ V >

constexpr /*deduced-simd-t*/<V>

            log10 ( const V& v_num ); (S) (since C++26)

template< class Integer >
double      log10 ( Integer num );

(A) (constexpr since C++26) 1-3)

Computes the

common (base-10) logarithm

of

num

.

The library provides overloads of std::log10 for all cv-unqualified floating-point types as the type of the parameter.(since C++23)

A) Additional overloads are provided for all integer types, which are treated as double.

(since C++11) [edit] Parameters num - floating-point or integer value [edit] Return value

If no errors occur, the common (base-10) logarithm of num (log10(num) or lg(num)) is returned.

If a domain error occurs, an implementation-defined value is returned (NaN where supported).

If a pole error occurs, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VALF, or -HUGE_VALL is returned.

[edit] Error handling

Errors are reported as specified in math_errhandling.

Domain error occurs if num is less than zero.

Pole error may occur if num is zero.

If the implementation supports IEEE floating-point arithmetic (IEC 60559),

[edit] Notes

The additional overloads are not required to be provided exactly as (A). They only need to be sufficient to ensure that for their argument num of integer type, std::log10(num) has the same effect as std::log10(static_cast<double>(num)).

[edit] Example 
#include <cerrno>
#include <cfenv>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
// #pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON
 
int main()
{
    std::cout << "log10(1000) = " << std::log10(1000) << '\n'
              << "log10(0.001) = " << std::log10(0.001) << '\n'
              << "base-5 logarithm of 125 = "
              << std::log10(125) / std::log10(5) << '\n';
 
    // special values
    std::cout << "log10(1) = " << std::log10(1) << '\n'
              << "log10(+Inf) = " << std::log10(INFINITY) << '\n';
 
    // error handling
    errno = 0;
    std::feclearexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT);
 
    std::cout << "log10(0) = " << std::log10(0) << '\n';
 
    if (errno == ERANGE)
        std::cout << "    errno == ERANGE: " << std::strerror(errno) << '\n';
    if (std::fetestexcept(FE_DIVBYZERO))
        std::cout << "    FE_DIVBYZERO raised\n";
}

Possible output:

log10(1000) = 3
log10(0.001) = -3
base-5 logarithm of 125 = 3
log10(1) = 0
log10(+Inf) = inf
log10(0) = -inf
    errno == ERANGE: Numerical result out of range
    FE_DIVBYZERO raised
[edit] See also computes natural (base e) logarithm (\({\small\ln{x}}\)ln(x))
(function) [edit] base 2 logarithm of the given number (\({\small\log_{2}{x}}\)log2(x))
(function) [edit] natural logarithm (to base e) of 1 plus the given number (\({\small\ln{(1+x)}}\)ln(1+x))
(function) [edit] complex common logarithm with the branch cuts along the negative real axis
(function template) [edit] applies the function std::log10 to each element of valarray
(function template) [edit]

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