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C++ named requirements: FormattedOutputFunction - cppreference.com

A FormattedOutputFunction is a member function of std::basic_ostream or a non-member function involving std::basic_ostream that performs the following operations:

1. Constructs an object sentry of type std::basic_ostream::sentry.
2. If bool(sentry) is true, attempts to perform the desired output by inserting the characters into the output stream as if by calling rdbuf()->sputc(). Other public members of std::basic_ostream may also be used, but virtual members of rdbuf() except overflow(), xsputn() and sync() will never be called.
3. Destroys sentry and returns *this.

If sentry fails to be constructed, or bool(sentry) is false, no output takes place.

If the output could not be generated, calls setstate(std::ios_base::failbit), which can throw an exception.

If an exception is thrown during output, then std::ios_base::badbit is set in *this’s error state without causing a std::ios_base::failure to be thrown. If exceptions on badbit are enabled in this stream's exception mask (i.e., (exceptions() & badbit) != 0), the exception is also rethrown.

When an exception is thrown from the formatted output function, sentry is also destroyed before leaving the function.

Formatted output functions determine padding according to std::num_put::do_put() stage 3.

If a formatted output function of a stream os determines padding, it does so as follows.

Given a CharT character sequence seq where CharT is the character container type of os, if the length of seq is less than os.width(), then enough copies of os.fill() are added to this sequence as necessary to pad to a width of os.width() characters.

If (os.flags() & std::ios_base::adjustfield) == std::ios_base::left is true, the fill characters are placed after the character sequence; otherwise, they are placed before the character sequence.

The following standard library functions are FormattedOutputFunctions.

• basic_ostream::operator<<(std::basic_ostream&, int / long / double / void* / bool)
• operator<<(std::basic_ostream&, char)
• operator<<(std::basic_ostream&, char*)
• operator<<(std::basic_ostream&, const std::bitset&)
• operator<<(std::basic_ostream&, const std::basic_string&)
• operator<< , when called on the return value of std::put_money

• print(std::ostream&, std::format_string<Args...>, Args&&...),
• println(std::ostream&, std::format_string<Args...>, Args&&...),
• vprint_unicode(std::ostream&, std::string_view, std::format_args),
• vprint_nonunicode(std::ostream&, std::string_view, std::format_args),

except that (given os is an output stream object):

• any exception thrown by the call to std::vformat is propagated without regard to the value of os.exceptions() and without turning on ios_base::badbit in the error state of os;
• if inserting into os fails, calls os.setstate(ios_base::badbit) (which may throw ios_base::failure).

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

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