Defines a type of object to be thrown as exception. It reports errors that are due to events beyond the scope of the program and cannot be easily predicted.
All member functions ofstd::runtime_error are constexpr: it is possible to create and use std::runtime_error objects in the evaluation of a constant expression.
However, std::runtime_error objects generally cannot be constexpr, because any dynamically allocated storage must be released in the same evaluation of constant expression.
Inheritance diagram
Exceptions of type std::runtime_error are thrown by the following standard library components:
In addition, the following standard exception types are derived from std::runtime_error:
runtime_error object with the given message
runtime_error object
runtime_error( const char* what_arg );
(2) (constexpr since C++26)runtime_error( const runtime_error& other );
(3) (noexcept since C++11)Constructs the exception object with
what_argas explanatory string. After construction,
std::strcmp(what(), what_arg.c_str()) == 0.
2)Constructs the exception object with
what_argas explanatory string. After construction,
std::strcmp(what(), what_arg) == 0.
3)Copy constructor. If
*thisand
otherboth have dynamic type
std::runtime_error
then
std::strcmp(what(), other.what()) == 0. No exception can be thrown from the copy constructor.
Parameters what_arg - explanatory string other - another exception object to copy Exceptions NotesBecause copying std::runtime_error is not permitted to throw exceptions, this message is typically stored internally as a separately-allocated reference-counted string. This is also why there is no constructor taking std::string&&: it would have to copy the content anyway.
Before the resolution of LWG issue 254, the non-copy constructor can only accept std::string. It makes dynamic allocation mandatory in order to construct a std::string object.
After the resolution of LWG issue 471, a derived standard exception class must have a publicly accessible copy constructor. It can be implicitly defined as long as the explanatory strings obtained by what() are the same for the original object and the copied object.
runtime_error& operator=( const runtime_error& other );
(noexcept since C++11)Assigns the contents with those of other. If *this and other both have dynamic type std::runtime_error then std::strcmp(what(), other.what()) == 0 after assignment. No exception can be thrown from the copy assignment operator.
*this
NotesAfter the resolution of LWG issue 471, a derived standard exception class must have a publicly accessible copy assignment operator. It can be implicitly defined as long as the explanatory strings obtained by what() are the same for the original object and the copied object.
std::exception) [edit] returns an explanatory string
std::exception) [edit] [edit] Notes [edit] Defect reports
The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.
DR Applied to Behavior as published Correct behavior LWG 254 C++98 the constructor accepting const char* was missing added LWG 471 C++98 the explanatory strings ofstd::runtime_error's
std::runtime_error object
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