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Showing content from https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/../keywords/../string/basic_string/to_string.html below:

std::to_string - cppreference.com

Converts a numeric value to std::string.

Let buf be an internal to the conversion functions buffer, sufficiently large to contain the result of conversion.

Converts a signed integer to a string as if by

.

Converts a signed integer to a string as if by

.

Converts a signed integer to a string as if by

.

Converts an unsigned integer to a string as if by

.

Converts an unsigned integer to a string as if by

.

Converts an unsigned integer to a string as if by

.

Converts a floating point value to a string as if by

.

Converts a floating point value to a string as if by

.

Converts a numeric value to a string as if by

.

A string holding the converted value.

May throw std::bad_alloc from the std::string constructor.

• With floating point types std::to_string may yield unexpected results as the number of significant digits in the returned string can be zero, see the example.
• The return value may differ significantly from what std::cout prints by default, see the example.

• std::to_string relies on the current C locale for formatting purposes, and therefore concurrent calls to std::to_string from multiple threads may result in partial serialization of calls.
  • The results of overloads for integer types do not rely on the current C locale, and thus implementations generally avoid access to the current C locale in these overloads for both correctness and performance. However, such avoidance is not guaranteed by the standard.

C++17 provides std::to_chars as a higher-performance locale-independent alternative.

#include <cstdio>
#include <format>
#include <initializer_list>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
 
#if __cpp_lib_to_string >= 202306L
constexpr auto revision() { return " (post C++26)"; }
#else
constexpr auto revision() { return " (pre C++26)"; }
#endif
 
int main()
{
    for (const double f : {1.23456789555555, 23.43, 1e-9, 1e40, 1e-40, 123456789.0})
    {
        std::cout << "to_string:\t" << std::to_string(f) << revision() << '\n';
 
        // Before C++26, the output of std::to_string matches std::printf.
        std::printf("printf:\t\t%f\n", f);
 
        // As of C++26, the output of std::to_string matches std::format.
        std::cout << std::format("format:\t\t{}\n", f);
 
        std::cout << "std::cout:\t" << f << "\n\n";
    }
}

Possible output:

to_string:      1.234568 (pre C++26)
printf:         1.234568
format:         1.23456789555555
std::cout:      1.23457
 
to_string:      23.430000 (pre C++26)
printf:         23.430000
format:         23.43
std::cout:      23.43
 
to_string:      0.000000 (pre C++26)
printf:         0.000000
format:         1e-09
std::cout:      1e-09
 
to_string:      10000000000000000303786028427003666890752.000000 (pre C++26)
printf:         10000000000000000303786028427003666890752.000000
format:         1e+40
std::cout:      1e+40
 
to_string:      0.000000 (pre C++26)
printf:         0.000000
format:         1e-40
std::cout:      1e-40
 
to_string:      123456789.000000 (pre C++26)
printf:         123456789.000000
format:         123456789
std::cout:      1.23457e+08

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