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Showing content from https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/../error/error_code/../../thread/thread/join.html below:

std::thread::join - cppreference.com

void join();

(since C++11)

Blocks the current thread until the thread identified by *this finishes its execution.

The completion of the thread identified by *this synchronizes with the corresponding successful return from join().

No synchronization is performed on *this itself. Concurrently calling join() on the same thread object from multiple threads constitutes a data race that results in undefined behavior.

[edit] Parameters

(none)

[edit] Return value

(none)

[edit] Postconditions

joinable() is false.

[edit] Exceptions

std::system_error if an error occurs.

[edit] Error conditions

resource_deadlock_would_occur if this->get_id() == std::this_thread::get_id() (deadlock detected).
no_such_process if the thread is not valid.
invalid_argument if joinable() is false.

[edit] Example

Output:

starting first helper...
starting second helper...
waiting for helpers to finish...
done!

[edit] References

C++23 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2024):

33.4.3.6 Members [thread.thread.member]

C++20 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2020):

32.4.2.5 Members [thread.thread.member]

C++17 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2017):

33.3.2.5 thread members [thread.thread.member]

C++14 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2014):

30.3.1.5 thread members [thread.thread.member]

C++11 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2011):

30.3.1.5 thread members [thread.thread.member]

[edit] See also permits the thread to execute independently from the thread handle
(public member function) [edit] checks whether the thread is joinable, i.e. potentially running in parallel context
(public member function) [edit]

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