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Showing content from https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/../error/error_code/../../../cpp/thread/unique_lock.html below:

std::unique_lock - cppreference.com

template< class Mutex >
class unique_lock;

The class unique_lock is a general-purpose mutex ownership wrapper allowing deferred locking, time-constrained attempts at locking, recursive locking, transfer of lock ownership, and use with condition variables.

The class unique_lock is movable, but not copyable -- it meets the requirements of MoveConstructible and MoveAssignable but not of CopyConstructible or CopyAssignable.

The class unique_lock meets the BasicLockable requirements. If Mutex meets the Lockable requirements, unique_lock also meets the Lockable requirements (ex.: can be used in std::lock); if Mutex meets the TimedLockable requirements, unique_lock also meets the TimedLockable requirements.

A common beginner error is to "forget" to give a unique_lock variable a name, e.g. std::unique_lock(mtx); (which default constructs a unique_lock variable named mtx) or std::unique_lock{mtx}; (which constructs a prvalue object that is immediately destroyed), thereby not actually constructing a lock that holds a mutex for the rest of the scope.

#include <iostream>
#include <mutex>
#include <thread>
 
struct Box
{
    explicit Box(int num) : num_things{num} {}
 
    int num_things;
    std::mutex m;
};
 
void transfer(Box& from, Box& to, int num)
{
    // don't actually take the locks yet
    std::unique_lock lock1{from.m, std::defer_lock};
    std::unique_lock lock2{to.m, std::defer_lock};
 
    // lock both unique_locks without deadlock
    std::lock(lock1, lock2);
 
    from.num_things -= num;
    to.num_things += num;
 
    // “from.m” and “to.m” mutexes unlocked in unique_lock dtors
}
 
int main()
{
    Box acc1{100};
    Box acc2{50};
 
    std::thread t1{transfer, std::ref(acc1), std::ref(acc2), 10};
    std::thread t2{transfer, std::ref(acc2), std::ref(acc1), 5};
 
    t1.join();
    t2.join();
 
    std::cout << "acc1: " << acc1.num_things << "\n"
                 "acc2: " << acc2.num_things << '\n';
}

Output:

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

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