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Increment/decrement operators - cppreference.com

Increment/decrement operators increment or decrement the value of the object.

Notes

• Prefix versions of the built-in operators return references and postfix versions return values, and typical user-defined overloads follow the pattern so that the user-defined operators can be used in the same manner as the built-ins. However, in a user-defined operator overload, any type can be used as return type (including void).
• The int parameter is a dummy parameter used to differentiate between prefix and postfix versions of the operators. When the user-defined postfix operator is called, the value passed in that parameter is always zero, although it may be changed by calling the operator using function call notation (e.g., a.operator++(2) or operator++(a, 2)).

The prefix increment and decrement expressions have the form

1) prefix increment (pre-increment)

2) prefix decrement (pre-decrement)

The expression

is equivalent to

, with the following exceptions:

• If the type of expression is (possibly volatile-qualified) bool, expression is set to true. Such a increment is deprecated.

• If the type of expression is (possibly cv-qualified) bool, the program is ill-formed.

• If the type of expression is volatile-qualified, the increment is deprecated.

The expression

is equivalent to

, with the following exceptions:

• If the type of expression is (possibly cv-qualified) bool, the program is ill-formed.

• If the type of expression is volatile-qualified, the decrement is deprecated.

In overload resolution against user-defined operators, for every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type A other than bool, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer P to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

A& operator++(A&)

bool& operator++(bool&)

P& operator++(P&)

A& operator--(A&)

P& operator--(P&)

The postfix increment and decrement expressions have the form

1) postfix increment (post-increment)

2) postfix decrement (post-decrement)

The result of postfix increment or decrement is the value obtained by applying the lvalue-to-rvalue conversion to expression (before modification). The type of the result is the cv-unqualified version of the type of expression.

If expression is not a modifiable lvalue of an arithmetic type other than (possibly cv-qualified) bool(since C++17), or a pointer to a complete object type, the program is ill-formed.

If the type of expression is volatile-qualified, the increment or decrement is deprecated.

1) The value of expression is modified as if it were the operand of the prefix ++ operator.

2) The value of expression is modified as if it were the operand of the prefix -- operator.

The value computation of a postfix increment or decrement is sequenced before the modification of expression. With respect to an indeterminately-sequenced function call, the operation of a postfix increment or decrement is a single evaluation.

In overload resolution against user-defined operators, for every optionally volatile-qualified arithmetic type A other than bool, and for every optionally volatile-qualified pointer P to optionally cv-qualified object type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

A operator++(A&, int)

bool operator++(bool&, int)

P operator++(P&, int)

A operator--(A&, int)

P operator--(P&, int)

#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    int n1 = 1;
    int n2 = ++n1;
    int n3 = ++ ++n1;
    int n4 = n1++;
//  int n5 = n1++ ++;   // error
//  int n6 = n1 + ++n1; // undefined behavior
    std::cout << "n1 = " << n1 << '\n'
              << "n2 = " << n2 << '\n'
              << "n3 = " << n3 << '\n'
              << "n4 = " << n4 << '\n';
}

Output:

n1 = 5
n2 = 2
n3 = 4
n4 = 4

Because of the side-effects involved, built-in increment and decrement operators must be used with care to avoid undefined behavior due to violations of sequencing rules.

Because a temporary copy of the object is constructed during post-increment and post-decrement, pre-increment or pre-decrement operators are usually more efficient in contexts where the returned value is not used.

Increment and decrement operators are overloaded for many standard library types. In particular, every LegacyIterator overloads operator++ and every LegacyBidirectionalIterator overloads operator--, even if those operators are no-ops for the particular iterator.

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

1. ↑ The prefix ++x is equivalent to x += 1, and the latter is applicable for usual arithmetic conversions (i.e. yield a common type between decltype(x) and int). However, the effect of the postfix x++ is simply “adding one to x”, there is no binary operator present, so no usual arithmetic conversions will take place.

Operator precedence

Operator overloading

a = b
a += b
a -= b
a *= b
a /= b
a %= b
a &= b
a |= b
a ^= b
a <<= b
a >>= b

++a
--a
a++
a--

+a
-a
a + b
a - b
a * b
a / b
a % b
~a
a & b
a | b
a ^ b
a << b
a >> b

!a
a && b
a || b

a == b
a != b
a < b
a > b
a <= b
a >= b
a <=> b

a[...]
*a
&a
a->b
a.b
a->*b
a.*b

a(...)

a, b

a ? b : c

static_cast converts one type to another related type
dynamic_cast converts within inheritance hierarchies
const_cast adds or removes cv-qualifiers
reinterpret_cast converts type to unrelated type
C-style cast converts one type to another by a mix of static_cast, const_cast, and reinterpret_cast
new creates objects with dynamic storage duration
delete destructs objects previously created by the new expression and releases obtained memory area
sizeof queries the size of a type
sizeof... queries the size of a pack (since C++11)
typeid queries the type information of a type
noexcept checks if an expression can throw an exception (since C++11)
alignof queries alignment requirements of a type (since C++11)

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