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std::upper_bound - cppreference.com

Searches for the first element in the partitioned range [first, last) which is ordered after value.

The order is determined by

:

Returns the first iterator iter in [first, last) where bool(value < *iter) is true, or last if no such iter exists.

If the elements elem of [first, last) are not partitioned with respect to the expression bool(value < elem), the behavior is undefined.

Equivalent to std::upper_bound(first, last, value, std::less{}).

2) The order is determined by comp:

Returns the first iterator iter in [first, last) where bool(comp(value, *iter)) is true, or last if no such iter exists.

If the elements

of

are not

with respect to the expression

, the behavior is undefined.

The signature of the predicate function should be equivalent to the following:

 bool pred(const Type1 &a, const Type2 &b);

While the signature does not need to have const &, the function must not modify the objects passed to it and must be able to accept all values of type (possibly const) Type1 and Type2 regardless of value category (thus, Type1 & is not allowed, nor is Type1 unless for Type1 a move is equivalent to a copy(since C++11)).
The type Type1 must be such that an object of type T can be implicitly converted to Type1. The type Type2 must be such that an object of type ForwardIt can be dereferenced and then implicitly converted to Type2. ​

Iterator to the first element of the range [first, last) ordered after value, or last if no such element is found.

Given \(\scriptsize N\)N as std::distance(first, last):

At most

comparisons with

using

.

2) At most \(\scriptsize \log_{2}(N)+O(1)\)log2(N)+O(1) applications of the comparator comp.

However, if ForwardIt is not a LegacyRandomAccessIterator, the number of iterator increments is linear in \(\scriptsize N\)N. Notably, std::map, std::multimap, std::set, and std::multiset iterators are not random access, and so their member upper_bound functions should be preferred.

See also the implementations in libstdc++ and libc++.

template<class ForwardIt, class T = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIt>::value_type>
ForwardIt upper_bound(ForwardIt first, ForwardIt last, const T& value)
{
    return std::upper_bound(first, last, value, std::less{});
}

template<class ForwardIt, class T = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIt>::value_type,
         class Compare>
ForwardIt upper_bound(ForwardIt first, ForwardIt last, const T& value, Compare comp)
{
    ForwardIt it;
    typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIt>::difference_type count, step;
    count = std::distance(first, last);
 
    while (count > 0)
    {
        it = first; 
        step = count / 2;
        std::advance(it, step);
 
        if (!comp(value, *it))
        {
            first = ++it;
            count -= step + 1;
        } 
        else
            count = step;
    }
 
    return first;
}

Although std::upper_bound only requires [first, last) to be partitioned, this algorithm is usually used in the case where [first, last) is sorted, so that the binary search is valid for any value.

For any iterator iter in [first, last), std::upper_bound requires value < *iter and comp(value, *iter) to be well-formed, while std::lower_bound requires *iter < value and comp(*iter, value) to be well-formed instead.

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
 
struct PriceInfo { double price; };
 
int main()
{
    const std::vector<int> data{1, 2, 4, 5, 5, 6};
 
    for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i)
    {
        // Search first element that is greater than i
        auto upper = std::upper_bound(data.begin(), data.end(), i);
 
        std::cout << i << " < ";
        upper != data.end()
            ? std::cout << *upper << " at index " << std::distance(data.begin(), upper)
            : std::cout << "not found";
        std::cout << '\n';
    }
 
    std::vector<PriceInfo> prices{{100.0}, {101.5}, {102.5}, {102.5}, {107.3}};
 
    for (double to_find : {102.5, 110.2})
    {
        auto prc_info = std::upper_bound(prices.begin(), prices.end(), to_find,
            [](double value, const PriceInfo& info)
            {
                return value < info.price;
            });
 
        prc_info != prices.end()
            ? std::cout << prc_info->price << " at index " << prc_info - prices.begin()
            : std::cout << to_find << " not found";
        std::cout << '\n';
    }
 
    using CD = std::complex<double>;
    std::vector<CD> nums{{1, 0}, {2, 2}, {2, 1}, {3, 0}, {3, 1}};
    auto cmpz = [](CD x, CD y) { return x.real() < y.real(); };
    #ifdef __cpp_lib_algorithm_default_value_type
        auto it = std::upper_bound(nums.cbegin(), nums.cend(), {2, 0}, cmpz);
    #else
        auto it = std::upper_bound(nums.cbegin(), nums.cend(), CD{2, 0}, cmpz);
    #endif
    assert((*it == CD{3, 0}));
}

Output:

0 < 1 at index 0
1 < 2 at index 1
2 < 4 at index 2
3 < 4 at index 2
4 < 5 at index 3
5 < 6 at index 5
6 < not found 
107.3 at index 4
110.2 not found

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