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Showing content from https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/../../cpp/symbol_index/../algorithm/ranges/sample.html below:

std::ranges::sample - cppreference.com

Call signature

1) Selects M = min(n, last - first) elements from the sequence [first, last) (without replacement) such that each possible sample has equal probability of appearance, and writes those selected elements into the range beginning at out.

The algorithm is

(preserves the relative order of the selected elements) only if

models

.

The behavior is undefined if out is in [first, last).

The function-like entities described on this page are algorithm function objects (informally known as niebloids), that is:

• Explicit template argument lists cannot be specified when calling any of them.
• None of them are visible to argument-dependent lookup.
• When any of them are found by normal unqualified lookup as the name to the left of the function-call operator, argument-dependent lookup is inhibited.

An iterator equal to out + M, that is the end of the resulting sample range.

Linear: 𝓞(last - first).

This function may implement selection sampling or reservoir sampling.

struct sample_fn
{
    template<std::input_iterator I, std::sentinel_for<I> S,
             std::weakly_incrementable O, class Gen>
    requires (std::forward_iterator<I> or
              std::random_access_iterator<O>) &&
              std::indirectly_copyable<I, O> &&
              std::uniform_random_bit_generator<std::remove_reference_t<Gen>>
    O operator()(I first, S last, O out, std::iter_difference_t<I> n, Gen&& gen) const
    {
        using diff_t = std::iter_difference_t<I>;
        using distrib_t = std::uniform_int_distribution<diff_t>;
        using param_t = typename distrib_t::param_type;
        distrib_t D{};
 
        if constexpr (std::forward_iterator<I>)
        {
            // this branch preserves "stability" of the sample elements
            auto rest{ranges::distance(first, last)};
            for (n = ranges::min(n, rest); n != 0; ++first)
                if (D(gen, param_t(0, --rest)) < n)
                {
                    *out++ = *first;
                    --n;
                }
            return out;
        }
        else
        {
            // O is a random_access_iterator
            diff_t sample_size{};
            // copy [first, first + M) elements to "random access" output
            for (; first != last && sample_size != n; ++first)
                out[sample_size++] = *first;
            // overwrite some of the copied elements with randomly selected ones
            for (auto pop_size{sample_size}; first != last; ++first, ++pop_size)
            {
                const auto i{D(gen, param_t{0, pop_size})};
                if (i < n)
                    out[i] = *first;
            }
            return out + sample_size;
        }
    }
 
    template<ranges::input_range R, std::weakly_incrementable O, class Gen>
    requires (ranges::forward_range<R> or std::random_access_iterator<O>) &&
              std::indirectly_copyable<ranges::iterator_t<R>, O> &&
              std::uniform_random_bit_generator<std::remove_reference_t<Gen>>
    O operator()(R&& r, O out, ranges::range_difference_t<R> n, Gen&& gen) const
    {
        return (*this)(ranges::begin(r), ranges::end(r), std::move(out), n,
                       std::forward<Gen>(gen));
    }
};
 
inline constexpr sample_fn sample {};

#include <algorithm>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <random>
#include <vector>
 
void print(auto const& rem, auto const& v)
{
    std::cout << rem << " = [" << std::size(v) << "] { ";
    for (auto const& e : v)
        std::cout << e << ' ';
    std::cout << "}\n";
}
 
int main()
{
    const auto in = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
    print("in", in);
 
    std::vector<int> out;
    const int max = in.size() + 2;
    auto gen = std::mt19937{std::random_device{}()};
 
    for (int n{}; n != max; ++n)
    {
        out.clear();
        std::ranges::sample(in, std::back_inserter(out), n, gen);
        std::cout << "n = " << n;
        print(", out", out);
    }
}

Possible output:

in = [6] { 1 2 3 4 5 6 }
n = 0, out = [0] { }
n = 1, out = [1] { 5 }
n = 2, out = [2] { 4 5 }
n = 3, out = [3] { 2 3 5 }
n = 4, out = [4] { 2 4 5 6 }
n = 5, out = [5] { 1 2 3 5 6 }
n = 6, out = [6] { 1 2 3 4 5 6 }
n = 7, out = [6] { 1 2 3 4 5 6 }

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