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div, ldiv, lldiv, imaxdiv - cppreference.com

div_t     div( int x, int y );

ldiv_t    ldiv( long x, long y );

lldiv_t   lldiv( long long x, long long y );

Computes both the quotient and the remainder of the division of the numerator x by the denominator y.

Computes quotient and remainder simultaneously. The quotient is the algebraic quotient with any fractional part discarded (truncated towards zero). The remainder is such that quot * y + rem == x.

Computes the quotient (the result of the expression x / y) and remainder (the result of the expression x % y) simultaneously.

If both the remainder and the quotient can be represented as objects of the corresponding type (int, long, long long, intmax_t, respectively), returns both as an object of type div_t, ldiv_t, lldiv_t, imaxdiv_t defined as follows:

struct div_t { int quot; int rem; };

or

struct div_t { int rem; int quot; };

struct ldiv_t { long quot; long rem; };

or

struct ldiv_t { long rem; long quot; };

struct lldiv_t { long long quot; long long rem; };

or

struct lldiv_t { long long rem; long long quot; };

If either the remainder or the quotient cannot be represented, the behavior is undefined.

Until C99, the rounding direction of the quotient and the sign of the remainder in the built-in division and remainder operators was implementation-defined if either of the operands was negative, but it was well-defined in div and ldiv.

On many platforms, a single CPU instruction obtains both the quotient and the remainder, and this function may leverage that, although compilers are generally able to merge nearby / and % where suitable.

#include <assert.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
void reverse(char* first, char* last)
{
    for (--last; first < last; ++first, --last)
    {
        char c = *last;
        *last = *first;
        *first = c;
    }
}
 
// returns empty buffer in case of buffer overflow
char* itoa(int n, int base, char* buf, size_t buf_size)
{
    assert(2 <= base && base <= 16 && buf && buf_size);
    div_t dv = {.quot = n};
    char* p = buf;
    do
    {
        if (!--buf_size)
            return (*buf = '\0'), buf;
        dv = div(dv.quot, base);
        *p++ = "0123456789abcdef"[abs(dv.rem)];
    }
    while(dv.quot);
    if (n < 0)
        *p++ = '-';
    *p = '\0';
    reverse(buf, p);
    return buf;
}
 
int main(void)
{
    char buf[16];
    printf("%s\n", itoa(0, 2, buf, sizeof buf));
    printf("%s\n", itoa(007, 3, buf, sizeof buf));
    printf("%s\n", itoa(12346, 10, buf, sizeof buf));
    printf("%s\n", itoa(-12346, 10, buf, sizeof buf));
    printf("%s\n", itoa(-42, 2, buf, sizeof buf));
    printf("%s\n", itoa(INT_MAX, 16, buf, sizeof buf));
    printf("%s\n", itoa(INT_MIN, 16, buf, sizeof buf));
}

Possible output:

0
21
12346
-12346
-101010
7fffffff
-80000000

• C23 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2024):

• 7.8.2.2 The imaxdiv function (p: TBD)

• 7.22.6.2 The div, ldiv and lldiv functions (p: TBD)

• C17 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2018):

• 7.8.2.2 The imaxdiv function (p: 159)

• 7.22.6.2 The div, ldiv and lldiv functions (p: 259)

• C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):

• 7.8.2.2 The imaxdiv function (p: 219)

• 7.22.6.2 The div, ldiv and lldiv functions (p: 356)

• C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):

• 7.8.2.2 The imaxdiv function (p: 200)

• 7.20.6.2 The div, ldiv and lldiv functions (p: 320)

• C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):

• 4.10 div_t, ldiv_t

• 4.10.6.2 The div function

• 4.10.6.4 The ldiv function

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