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std::ranges::fold_right - cppreference.com

Call signature

Helper concepts

template< class F, class T, class I >
concept /* indirectly-binary-left-foldable */ = /* see description */;

template< class F, class T, class I >
concept /* indirectly-binary-right-foldable */ = /* see description */;

Right-folds the elements of given range, that is, returns the result of evaluation of the chain expression:
f(x1, f(x2, ...f(xn, init))), where x1, x2, ..., xn are elements of the range.

Informally, ranges::fold_right behaves like ranges::fold_left(views::reverse(r), init, /*flipped*/(f)).

The behavior is undefined if [first, last) is not a valid range.

1) The range is [first, last).

Equivalent to:

Helper concepts

Equivalent to:

Helper concepts

Helper class templates

The function-like entities described on this page are algorithm function objects (informally known as niebloids), that is:

• Explicit template argument lists cannot be specified when calling any of them.
• None of them are visible to argument-dependent lookup.
• When any of them are found by normal unqualified lookup as the name to the left of the function-call operator, argument-dependent lookup is inhibited.

An object of type U that contains the result of right-fold of the given range over f, where U is equivalent to std::decay_t<std::invoke_result_t<F&, std::iter_reference_t<I>, T>>;.

If the range is empty, U(std::move(init)) is returned.

struct fold_right_fn
{
    template<std::bidirectional_iterator I, std::sentinel_for<I> S,
             class T = std::iter_value_t<I>,
             /* indirectly-binary-right-foldable */<T, I> F>
    constexpr auto operator()(I first, S last, T init, F f) const
    {
        using U = std::decay_t<std::invoke_result_t<F&, std::iter_reference_t<I>, T>>;
        if (first == last)
            return U(std::move(init));
        I tail = ranges::next(first, last);
        U accum = std::invoke(f, *--tail, std::move(init));
        while (first != tail)
            accum = std::invoke(f, *--tail, std::move(accum));
        return accum;
    }
 
    template<ranges::bidirectional_range R, class T = ranges::range_value_t<R>,
             /* indirectly-binary-right-foldable */<T, ranges::iterator_t<R>> F>
    constexpr auto operator()(R&& r, T init, F f) const
    {
        return (*this)(ranges::begin(r), ranges::end(r), std::move(init), std::ref(f));
    }
};
 
inline constexpr fold_right_fn fold_right;

Exactly ranges::distance(first, last) applications of the function object f.

The following table compares all constrained folding algorithms:

#include <algorithm>
#include <complex>
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <ranges>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
 
using namespace std::literals;
namespace ranges = std::ranges;
 
int main()
{
    auto v = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
    std::vector<std::string> vs{"A", "B", "C", "D"};
 
    auto r1 = ranges::fold_right(v.begin(), v.end(), 6, std::plus<>()); // (1)
    std::cout << "r1: " << r1 << '\n';
 
    auto r2 = ranges::fold_right(vs, "!"s, std::plus<>()); // (2)
    std::cout << "r2: " << r2 << '\n';
 
    // Use a program defined function object (lambda-expression):
    std::string r3 = ranges::fold_right
    (
        v, "A", [](int x, std::string s) { return s + ':' + std::to_string(x); }
    );
    std::cout << "r3: " << r3 << '\n';
 
    // Get the product of the std::pair::second of all pairs in the vector:
    std::vector<std::pair<char, float>> data{{'A', 2.f}, {'B', 3.f}, {'C', 3.5f}};
    float r4 = ranges::fold_right
    (
        data | ranges::views::values, 2.0f, std::multiplies<>()
    );
    std::cout << "r4: " << r4 << '\n';
 
    using CD = std::complex<double>;
    std::vector<CD> nums{{1, 1}, {2, 0}, {3, 0}};
    #ifdef __cpp_lib_algorithm_default_value_type
        auto r5 = ranges::fold_right(nums, {7, 0}, std::multiplies{});
    #else
        auto r5 = ranges::fold_right(nums, CD{7, 0}, std::multiplies{});
    #endif
    std::cout << "r5: " << r5 << '\n';
}

Output:

r1: 42
r2: ABCD!
r3: A:8:7:6:5:4:3:2:1
r4: 42
r5: (42,42)

• C++23 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2024):

• 27.6.18 Fold [alg.fold]

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