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Showing content from https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/../ranges/../io/basic_istream/read.html below:

std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>::read - cppreference.com

Extracts characters from stream.

Behaves as UnformattedInputFunction. After constructing and checking the sentry object, extracts characters and stores them into successive locations of the character array whose first element is pointed to by s. Characters are extracted and stored until any of the following conditions occurs:

• count characters were extracted and stored.

• end of file condition occurs on the input sequence (in which case, setstate(failbit|eofbit) is called). The number of successfully extracted characters can be queried using gcount().

*this

if an error occurred (the error state flag is not

) and

is set to throw for that state.

If an internal operation throws an exception, it is caught and badbit is set. If exceptions() is set for badbit, the exception is rethrown.

When using a non-converting locale (the default locale is non-converting), the overrider of this function in std::basic_ifstream may be optimized for zero-copy bulk I/O (by means of overriding std::streambuf::xsgetn).

#include <cstdint>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
 
int main()
{
    // read() is often used for binary I/O
    std::string bin = {'\x12', '\x12', '\x12', '\x12'};
    std::istringstream raw(bin);
    std::uint32_t n;
    if (raw.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&n), sizeof n))
        std::cout << std::hex << std::showbase << n << '\n';
 
    // prepare file for next snippet
    std::ofstream("test.txt", std::ios::binary) << "abcd1\nabcd2\nabcd3";
 
    // read entire file into string
    if (std::ifstream is{"test.txt", std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate})
    {
        auto size = is.tellg();
        std::string str(size, '\0'); // construct string to stream size
        is.seekg(0);
        if (is.read(&str[0], size))
            std::cout << str << '\n';
    }
}

Output:

0x12121212
abcd1
abcd2
abcd3

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