Home - News ( United States | United Kingdom | Italy | Germany ) - Football scores

Showing content from https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4443-2019 below:

Improving permafrost physics in the coupled Canadian Land Surface Scheme (v.3.6.2) and Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (v.2.1) (CLASS-CTEM)

Alexeev, V. A., Nicolsky, D. J., Romanovsky, V. E., and Lawrence, D. M.: An evaluation of deep soil configurations in the CLM3 for improved representation of permafrost, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029536, 2007. a, b

Arora, V., Seglenieks, F., Kouwen, N., and Soulis, E.: Scaling aspects of river flow routing, Hydrol. Process., 15, 461–477, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.161, 2001. a

Bartlett, P. A., MacKay, M. D., and Verseghy, D. L.: Modified snow algorithms in the Canadian land surface scheme: Model runs and sensitivity analysis at three boreal forest stands, Atmos.-Ocean, 44, 207–222, https://doi.org/10.3137/ao.440301, 2006. a

Beer, C., Porada, P., Ekici, A., and Brakebusch, M.: Effects of short-term variability of meteorological variables on soil temperature in permafrost regions, The Cryosphere, 12, 741–757, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-741-2018, 2018. a

Bellisario, L. M., Boudreau, L. D., Verseghy, D. L., Rouse, W. R., and Blanken, P. D.: Comparing the performance of the Canadian land surface scheme (CLASS) for two subarctic terrain types, Atmos.-Ocean, 38, 181–204, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2000.9649645, 2000. a

Biskaborn, B. K., Smith, S. L., Noetzli, J., Matthes, H., Vieira, G., Streletskiy, D. A., Schoeneich, P., Romanovsky, V. E., Lewkowicz, A. G., Abramov, A., Allard, M., Boike, J., Cable, W. L., Christiansen, H. H., Delaloye, R., Diekmann, B., Drozdov, D., Etzelmüller, B., Grosse, G., Guglielmin, M., Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Isaksen, K., Ishikawa, M., Johansson, M., Johannsson, H., Joo, A., Kaverin, D., Kholodov, A., Konstantinov, P., Kröger, T., Lambiel, C., Lanckman, J.-P., Luo, D., Malkova, G., Meiklejohn, I., Moskalenko, N., Oliva, M., Phillips, M., Ramos, M., Sannel, A. B. K., Sergeev, D., Seybold, C., Skryabin, P., Vasiliev, A., Wu, Q., Yoshikawa, K., Zheleznyak, M., and Lantuit, H.: Permafrost is warming at a global scale, Nat. Commun., 10, 264, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4, 2019. a

Boeckli, L., Brenning, A., Gruber, S., and Noetzli, J.: Permafrost distribution in the European Alps: calculation and evaluation of an index map and summary statistics, The Cryosphere, 6, 807–820, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-807-2012, 2012. a

Brown, J., Ferrians Jr., O. J., Heginbottom, J. A., and Melnikov, E. S.: Circum-Arctic map of permafrost and ground-ice conditions, US Geological Survey Reston, 1997. a, b, c, d, e, f, g

Brown, R., Bartlett, P., MacKay, M., and Verseghy, D.: Evaluation of snow cover in CLASS for SnowMIP, Atmos.-Ocean, 44, 223–238, https://doi.org/10.3137/ao.440302, 2006. a

Brown, R. D., Brasnett, B., and Robinson, D.: Gridded North American monthly snow depth and snow water equivalent for GCM evaluation, Atmos.-Ocean, 41, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.3137/ao.410101, 2003. a, b, c, d

Chadburn, S., Burke, E., Essery, R., Boike, J., Langer, M., Heikenfeld, M., Cox, P., and Friedlingstein, P.: An improved representation of physical permafrost dynamics in the JULES land-surface model, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1493–1508, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1493-2015, 2015a. a

Chadburn, S. E., Burke, E. J., Essery, R. L. H., Boike, J., Langer, M., Heikenfeld, M., Cox, P. M., and Friedlingstein, P.: Impact of model developments on present and future simulations of permafrost in a global land-surface model, The Cryosphere, 9, 1505–1521, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1505-2015, 2015b. a

Chadburn, S. E., Burke, E. J., Cox, P. M., Friedlingstein, P., Hugelius, G., and Westermann, S.: An observation-based constraint on permafrost loss as a function of global warming, Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 340, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3262, 2017. a

Clapp, R. B. and Hornberger, G. M.: Empirical equations for some soil hydraulic properties, Water Resour. Res., 14, 601–604, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR014i004p00601, 1978. a, b, c, d

Cosby, B. J., Hornberger, G. M., Clapp, R. B., and Ginn, T. R.: A Statistical Exploration of the Relationships of Soil Moisture Characteristics to the Physical Properties of Soils, Water Resour. Res., 20, 682–690, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i006p00682, 1984. a

Côté, J. and Konrad, J.-M.: A generalized thermal conductivity model for soils and construction materials, Can. Geotech. J., 42, 443–458, https://doi.org/10.1139/t04-106, 2005. a, b, c, d

Dall'Amico, M., Endrizzi, S., Gruber, S., and Rigon, R.: A robust and energy-conserving model of freezing variably-saturated soil, The Cryosphere, 5, 469–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-469-2011, 2011. a

Dankers, R., Burke, E. J., and Price, J.: Simulation of permafrost and seasonal thaw depth in the JULES land surface scheme, The Cryosphere, 5, 773–790, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-773-2011, 2011. a

de Vries, D.: Thermal properties of soils, Phys. Plant Environ., 12, 33–46, 1963. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h

Dickinson, R. E.: Land Surface Processes and Climate-Surface Albedos and Energy Balance, in: Advances in Geophysics, edited by: Saltzman, B., Vol. 25, pp. 305–353, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60176-4, 1983. a, b, c

Dickinson, R. E., Henderson-Sellers, A., and Kennedy, P.: Biosphere/Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) Version 1e as coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model, Tech. rep., Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 1993. a

Ekici, A., Beer, C., Hagemann, S., Boike, J., Langer, M., and Hauck, C.: Simulating high-latitude permafrost regions by the JSBACH terrestrial ecosystem model, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 631–647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-631-2014, 2014. a

Essery, R., Martin, E., Douville, H., Fernández, A., and Brun, E.: A comparison of four snow models using observations from an alpine site, Clim. Dynam., 15, 583–593, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820050302, 1999. a, b, c

Farouki, O. T.: The thermal properties of soils in cold regions, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 5, 67–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(81)90041-0, 1981. a, b

Ganji, A., Sushama, L., Verseghy, D., and Harvey, R.: On improving cold region hydrological processes in the Canadian Land Surface Scheme, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 127, 45–59, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1618-4, 2015. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h

Giorgi, F. and Avissar, R.: Representation of heterogeneity effects in Earth system modeling: Experience from land surface modeling, Rev. Geophys., 35, 413–437, https://doi.org/10.1029/97RG01754, 1997. a

Gornall, J. L., Jónsdóttir, I. S., Woodin, S. J., and Van der Wal, R.: Arctic mosses govern below-ground environment and ecosystem processes, Oecologia, 153, 931–941, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0785-0, 2007. a

Gray, D. M. and Male, D. H.: Handbook of Snow: Principles, Processes, Management and Use, Pergamon Press, 1981. a

Gruber, S.: Derivation and analysis of a high-resolution estimate of global permafrost zonation, The Cryosphere, 6, 221–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-221-2012, 2012 a, b, c, d, e, f

Gruber, S., Brown, N., Stewart-Jones, E., Karunaratne, K., Riddick, J., Peart, C., Subedi, R., and Kokelj, S.: Air and ground temperature, air humidity and site characterization data from the Canadian Shield tundra near Lac de Gras, Northwest Territories, Canada, v. 1.0 (2015–2017), https://doi.org/10.5885/45561XD-2C7AB3DCF3D24AD8, 2018. a, b, c

GTN-P: Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost Database: Active Layer Thickness Data (CALM-Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring), GTN-P 2016, Akureyri, Iceland, ISSN 2410-2385, 2016. a, b

Gubler, S., Fiddes, J., Keller, M., and Gruber, S.: Scale-dependent measurement and analysis of ground surface temperature variability in alpine terrain, The Cryosphere, 5, 431–443, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-431-2011, 2011. a

Harris, I., Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., and Lister, D. H.: Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations–the CRU TS3. 10 Dataset, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 623–642, 2014. a, b, c

Hedstrom, N. R. and Pomeroy, J. W.: Measurements and modelling of snow interception in the boreal forest, Hydrol. Process., 12, 1611–1625, 1998. a

Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H., Miyaoka, K., and Takahashi, K.: The JRA-55 Reanalysis: General Specifications and Basic Characteristics, J. Meteorol. Soc. JPN, 93, 5–48, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-001, 2015. a, b

Koren, V., Schaake, J., Mitchell, K., Duan, Q.-Y., Chen, F., and Baker, J. M.: A parameterization of snowpack and frozen ground intended for NCEP weather and climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 19569–19585, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900232, 1999. a, b

Koven, C. D., Riley, W. J., and Stern, A.: Analysis of Permafrost Thermal Dynamics and Response to Climate Change in the CMIP5 Earth System Models, J. Climate, 26, 1877–1900, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00228.1, 2013. a

Kulik, V. Y.: Water infiltration into soil, Gidrometeoizdat, Moscow, 1978 (in Russian). a

Lafleur, P. M., Skarupa, M. R., and Verseghy, D. L.: Validation of the Canadian land surface scheme (class) for a subarctic open woodland, Atmos.-Ocean, 38, 205–225, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2000.9649646, 2000. a

Lawrence, D. M., Slater, A. G., Romanovsky, V. E., and Nicolsky, D. J.: Sensitivity of a model projection of near-surface permafrost degradation to soil column depth and representation of soil organic matter, J. Geophys. Res., 113, F02011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000883, 2008. a, b, c

Lawrence, P. J. and Chase, T. N.: Representing a new MODIS consistent land surface in the Community Land Model (CLM 3.0), J. Geophys. Res., 112, G01023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000168, 2007. a

Lee, H., Swenson, S. C., Slater, A. G., and Lawrence, D. M.: Effects of excess ground ice on projections of permafrost in a warming climate, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 124006, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/12/124006, 2014. a, b

Letts, M. G., Roulet, N. T., Comer, N. T., Skarupa, M. R., and Verseghy, D. L.: Parametrization of peatland hydraulic properties for the Canadian land surface scheme, Atmos.-Ocean, 38, 141–160, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2000.9649643, 2000. a, b, c, d

Loranty, M. M., Abbott, B. W., Blok, D., Douglas, T. A., Epstein, H. E., Forbes, B. C., Jones, B. M., Kholodov, A. L., Kropp, H., Malhotra, A., Mamet, S. D., Myers-Smith, I. H., Natali, S. M., O'Donnell, J. A., Phoenix, G. K., Rocha, A. V., Sonnentag, O., Tape, K. D., and Walker, D. A.: Reviews and syntheses: Changing ecosystem influences on soil thermal regimes in northern high-latitude permafrost regions, Biogeosciences, 15, 5287–5313, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5287-2018, 2018. a, b

MacDonald, M. K.: The Hydrometeorological Response to Chinook Winds in the South Saskatchewan River Basin, Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h

Mellor, M.: Engineering Properties of Snow, J. Glaciol., 19, 15–66, https://doi.org/10.3189/S002214300002921X, 1977. a

Melton, J. R.: CLASS-CTEM code for “Improving permafrost physics in the coupled Canadian Land Surface Scheme (v.3.6.2) and Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (v.2.1) (CLASS-CTEM)”, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3369396, 2019. a

Melton, J. R. and Arora, V. K.: Sub-grid scale representation of vegetation in global land surface schemes: implications for estimation of the terrestrial carbon sink, Biogeosciences, 11, 1021–1036, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1021-2014, 2014. a, b

Melton, J. R. and Arora, V. K.: Competition between plant functional types in the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) v.2.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 323–361, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-323-2016, 2016. a, b, c

Melton, J. R., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., and McCusker, K. E.: Tiling soil textures for terrestrial ecosystem modelling via clustering analysis: a case study with CLASS-CTEM (version 2.1), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2761–2783, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2761-2017, 2017. a

MODIS Adaptive Processing System, NASA: MODIS/Terra+Aqua Albedo 16-Day L3 Global 0.05Deg CMG V005, title of the publication associated with this dataset: MODIS/Terra+Aqua Albedo 16-Day L3 Global 0.05Deg CMG V005, 2016. a

Morse, P. D., Burn, C. R., and Kokelj, S. V.: Influence of snow on near-surface ground temperatures in upland and alluvial environments of the outer Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Can. J. Earth Sci., 49, 895–913, 2012. a

Mudryk, L. R., Derksen, C., Kushner, P. J., and Brown, R.: Characterization of Northern Hemisphere snow water equivalent datasets, 1981–2010, J. Climate, 28, 8037–8051, 2015. a, b

Myers-Smith, I. H., Forbes, B. C., Wilmking, M., Hallinger, M., Lantz, T., Blok, D., Tape, K. D., Macias-Fauria, M., Sass-Klaassen, U., Lévesque, E., Boudreau, S., Ropars, P., Hermanutz, L., Trant, A., Collier, L. S., Weijers, S., Rozema, J., Rayback, S. A., Schmidt, N. M., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wipf, S., Rixen, C., Ménard, C. B., Venn, S., Goetz, S., Andreu-Hayles, L., Elmendorf, S., Ravolainen, V., Welker, J., Grogan, P., Epstein, H. E., and Hik, D. S.: Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: dynamics, impacts and research priorities, Environ. Res. Lett., 6, 045509, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045509, 2011. a

Nicolsky, D. J., Romanovsky, V. E., Alexeev, V. A., and Lawrence, D. M.: Improved modeling of permafrost dynamics in a GCM land-surface scheme, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L08501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029525, 2007. a

Niu, G.-Y. and Yang, Z.-L.: Effects of Frozen Soil on Snowmelt Runoff and Soil Water Storage at a Continental Scale, J. Hydrometeorol., 7, 937–952, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM538.1, 2006. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k

O'Neill, H. B., Wolfe, S. A., and Duchesne, C.: New ground ice maps for Canada using a paleogeographic modelling approach, The Cryosphere, 13, 753–773, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-753-2019, 2019. a

Paquin, J.-P. and Sushama, L.: On the Arctic near-surface permafrost and climate sensitivities to soil and snow model formulations in climate models, Clim. Dynam., 44, 203–228, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2185-6, 2014. a, b, c, d

Pelletier, J. D., Broxton, P. D., Hazenberg, P., Zeng, X., Troch, P. A., Niu, G., Williams, Z. C., Brunke, M. A., and Gochis, D.: Global 1-km Gridded Thickness of Soil, Regolith, and Sedimentary Deposit Layers, ORNL DAAC, https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1304, 2016. a, b, c, d

Peng, Y., Arora, V. K., Kurz, W. A., Hember, R. A., Hawkins, B. J., Fyfe, J. C., and Werner, A. T.: Climate and atmospheric drivers of historical terrestrial carbon uptake in the province of British Columbia, Canada, Biogeosciences, 11, 635–649, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-635-2014, 2014. a

Pomeroy, J. W. and Gray, D. M.: Snowcover Accumulation, Relocation and Management, National Hydrology Research Institute, Saskatchewan, Canada, ISBN 0-660-15816-7, 1995. a

Porada, P., Ekici, A., and Beer, C.: Effects of bryophyte and lichen cover on permafrost soil temperature at large scale, The Cryosphere, 10, 2291–2315, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2291-2016, 2016. a, b, c, d, e

Riseborough, D., Shiklomanov, N., Etzelmüller, B., Gruber, S., and Marchenko, S.: Recent advances in permafrost modelling, Permafr. Perigl. Process., 19, 137–156, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.615, 2008. a

Roebber, P. J., Bruening, S. L., Schultz, D. M., and Cortinas, J. V.: Improving Snowfall Forecasting by Diagnosing Snow Density, Weather Forecast., 18, 264–287, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0264:ISFBDS>2.0.CO;2, 2003. a, b

Romanovsky, V. E. and Osterkamp, T. E.: Effects of unfrozen water on heat and mass transport processes in the active layer and permafrost, Permafr. Perigl. Process., 11, 219–239, 2000. a

Scott, D. W.: Multivariate Density Estimation: Theory, Practice, and Visualization, John Wiley & Sons, 1992. a

Shangguan, W., Dai, Y., Duan, Q., Liu, B., and Yuan, H.: A global soil data set for earth system modeling, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 6, 249–263, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013MS000293, 2014. a

Shangguan, W., Hengl, T., Mendes de Jesus, J., Yuan, H., and Dai, Y.: Mapping the global depth to bedrock for land surface modeling, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 9, 65–88, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016MS000686, 2017. a, b, c, d, e, f

Shiklomanov, N. I., Streletskiy, D. A., Little, J. D., and Nelson, F. E.: Isotropic thaw subsidence in undisturbed permafrost landscapes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 6356–6361, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058295, 2013. a

Smerdon, J. E. and Stieglitz, M.: Simulating heat transport of harmonic temperature signals in the Earth's shallow subsurface: Lower-boundary sensitivities, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L14402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026816, 2006. a, b

Smith, M. W.: Microclimatic Influences on Ground Temperatures and Permafrost Distribution, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Can. J. Earth Sci., 12, 1421–1438, https://doi.org/10.1139/e75-129, 1975. a

Soulis, E. D., Snelgrove, K. R., Kouwen, N., Seglenieks, F., and Verseghy, D. L.: Towards closing the vertical water balance in Canadian atmospheric models: Coupling of the land surface scheme class with the distributed hydrological model watflood, Atmos.-Ocean, 38, 251–269, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2000.9649648, 2000. a

Sturm, M., Holmgren, J., König, M., and Morris, K.: The thermal conductivity of seasonal snow, J. Glaciol., 43, 26–41, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022143000002781, 1997. a, b, c

Tian, Z., Lu, Y., Horton, R., and Ren, T.: A simplified de Vries-based model to estimate thermal conductivity of unfrozen and frozen soil, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 67, 564–572, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12366, 2016. a, b, c, d, e, f, g

Tilley, J. S., Chapman, W. L., and Wu, W.: Sensitivity tests of the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) for Arctic tundra, Ann. Glaciol., 25, 46–50, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500013781, 1997. a

Turetsky, M. R., Bond-Lamberty, B., Euskirchen, E., Talbot, J., Frolking, S., McGuire, A. D., and Tuittila, E.-S.: The resilience and functional role of moss in boreal and arctic ecosystems, New Phytol., 196, 49–67, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04254.x, 2012. a

UNESCO Press: Discharge of selected rivers of the world, Vol. 2, part 2, Mean Monthly and Extreme Discharges, 1965–1984, Tech. rep., UNESCO, Paris, 1993. a, b, c

Van Der Wal, R. and Brooker, R. W.: Mosses mediate grazer impacts on grass abundance in arctic ecosystems, Funct. Ecol., 18, 77–86, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2004.00820.x, 2004. a

Vaughan, D. G., Comiso, J. C., Allison, I., Carrasco, J., Kaser, G., Kwok, R., Mote, P., Murray, T., Paul, F., Ren, J., Rignot, E., Solomina, O., Steffen, K., and Zhang, T.: Observations: Cryosphere, in: Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., K. Plattner, G., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp. 317–382, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.012, 2013. a

Verseghy, D.: CLASS – The Canadian land surface scheme (v.3.6.2), Climate Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 2017. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h

Viovy, N.: CRU-NCEP Version 8, title of the publication associated with this dataset: CRU-NCEP version 8, 2016. a, b

Watanabe, K. and Mizoguchi, M.: Amount of unfrozen water in frozen porous media saturated with solution, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 34, 103–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(01)00063-5, 2002. a

Wen, Z., Ma, W., Feng, W., Deng, Y., Wang, D., Fan, Z., and Zhou, C.: Experimental study on unfrozen water content and soil matric potential of Qinghai-Tibetan silty clay, Environ. Earth Sci., 66, 1467–1476, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1386-0, 2012. a

Wiscombe, W. J. and Warren, S. G.: A Model for the Spectral Albedo of Snow. I: Pure Snow, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2712–2733, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<2712:AMFTSA>2.0.CO;2, 1980.  a, b, c

Wu, Y., Verseghy, D. L., and Melton, J. R.: Integrating peatlands into the coupled Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) v3.6 and the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) v2.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2639–2663, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2639-2016, 2016. a, b, c

Yang, Z.-L., Dickinson, R. E., Robock, A., and Vinnikov, K. Y.: Validation of the snow submodel of the Biosphere–Atmosphere Transfer Scheme with Russian snow cover and meteorological observational data, J. Climate, 10, 353–373, 1997. a, b, c, d

Zhang, T., Barry, R. G., Knowles, K., Heginbottom, J. A., and Brown, J.: Statistics and characteristics of permafrost and ground‐ice distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, Polar Geogr., 23, 132–154, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889379909377670, 1999. a, b

Zhang, T., Heginbottom, J. A., Barry, R. G., and Brown, J.: Further statistics on the distribution of permafrost and ground ice in the Northern Hemisphere, Polar Geogr., 24, 126–131, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889370009377692, 2000. a, b, c

Zhang, Y., Carey, S. K., and Quinton, W. L.: Evaluation of the algorithms and parameterizations for ground thawing and freezing simulation in permafrost regions, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D17116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009343, 2008. a

Zhao, L. and Gray, D. M.: A parametric expression for estimating infiltration into frozen soils, Hydrol. Process., 11, 1761–1775, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19971030)11:13<1761::AID-HYP604>3.0.CO;2-O, 1997. a

Zobler, L.: A world soil file for global climate modelling, title of the publication associated with this dataset: NASA Technical Memorandum 87802, 1986. a

RetroSearch is an open source project built by @garambo | Open a GitHub Issue

Search and Browse the WWW like it's 1997 | Search results from DuckDuckGo

HTML: 3.2 | Encoding: UTF-8 | Version: 0.7.3