Frayn KN, Karpe F, Fielding BA, Macdonald IA, Coppack SW . Integrative physiology of human adipose tissue. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 875–888.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ludwig DS, Friedman MI . Increasing adiposity: consequence or cause of overeating? JAMA 2014; 311: 2167–2168.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lustig RH . Childhood obesity: behavioral aberration or biochemical drive? Reinterpreting the First Law of Thermodynamics. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2006; 2: 447–458.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Taubes G . The science of obesity: what do we really know about what makes us fat? An essay by Gary Taubes. BMJ 2013; 346: f1050.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wells JC, Siervo M . Obesity and energy balance: is the tail wagging the dog? Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65: 1173–1189.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Astwood EB . The heritage of corpulence. Endocrinology 1962; 71: 337–341.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pennington AW . Obesity. Med Times 1952; 80: 389–398.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carver C . Insulin treatment and the problem of weight gain in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2006; 32: 910–917.

Article  Google Scholar 

Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed BS et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2082–2090.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. Jama 2007; 297: 969–977.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J et al. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2074–2081.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Atkins RC . Dr Atkins' Diet Revolution: The High Calorie Way to Stay Thin Forever. Bantam Books, 1973.

Google Scholar 

Ludwig DS . Always hungry? Conquer cravings, retrain your fat cells and lose weight permanetly. Grand Central Life & Style: New York, 2016.

Google Scholar 

Taubes G . Why We Get Fat And What To Do About It. Alfred A Knopf: New York, 2011.

Google Scholar 

Popper K . The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Hutchison & Co., 1959.

Google Scholar 

French AP . Special Relativity. W. W. Norton & Company, 1968.

Google Scholar 

Finegood DT . The importance of systems thinking to address obesity. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser 2012; 73: 123–137; discussion 139–141.

Article  Google Scholar 

Das SK, Gilhooly CH, Golden JK, Pittas AG, Fuss PJ, Cheatham RA et al. Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 1023–1030.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hall KD, Bemis T, Brychta R, Chen KY, Courville A, Crayner EJ et al. Calorie for calorie, dietary fat restriction results in more body fat loss than carbohydrate restriction in people with obesity. Cell Metab 2015; 22: 427–436.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hall KD, Chen KY, Guo J, Lam YY, Leibel RL, Mayer LE et al. Energy expenditure and body composition changes after an isocaloric ketogenic diet in overweight and obese men. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104: 324–333.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Feinman RD, Fine EJ . Thermodynamics and metabolic advantage of weight loss diets. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2003; 1: 209–219.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Astrup A, Buemann B, Christensen NJ, Toubro S . Failure to increase lipid oxidation in response to increasing dietary fat content in formerly obese women. Am J Physiol 1994; 266 (4 Pt 1), E592–E599.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Dirlewanger M, di Vetta V, Guenat E, Battilana P, Seematter G, Schneiter P et al. Effects of short-term carbohydrate or fat overfeeding on energy expenditure and plasma leptin concentrations in healthy female subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 1413–1418.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Horton TJ, Drougas H, Brachey A, Reed GW, Peters JC, Hill JO . Fat and carbohydrate overfeeding in humans: different effects on energy storage. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62: 19–29.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shepard TY, Weil KM, Sharp TA, Grunwald GK, Bell ML, Hill JO et al. Occasional physical inactivity combined with a high-fat diet may be important in the development and maintenance of obesity in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 703–708.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Davy KP, Horton T, Davy BM, Bessessen D, Hill JO . Regulation of macronutrient balance in healthy young and older men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1497–1502.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Eckel RH, Hernandez TL, Bell ML, Weil KM, Shepard TY, Grunwald GK et al. Carbohydrate balance predicts weight and fat gain in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 803–808.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hill JO, Peters JC, Reed GW, Schlundt DG, Sharp T, Greene HL . Nutrient balance in humans: effects of diet composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54: 10–17.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Leibel RL, Hirsch J, Appel BE, Checani GC . Energy intake required to maintain body weight is not affected by wide variation in diet composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 350–355.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rumpler WV, Seale JL, Miles CW, Bodwell CE . Energy-intake restriction and diet-composition effects on energy expenditure in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 430–436.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schrauwen P, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Saris WH, Westerterp KR . Changes in fat oxidation in response to a high-fat diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 276–282.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Smith SR, de Jonge L, Zachwieja JJ, Roy H, Nguyen T, Rood JC et al. Fat and carbohydrate balances during adaptation to a high-fat. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 450–457.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Thearle MS, Pannacciulli N, Bonfiglio S, Pacak K, Krakoff J . Extent and determinants of thermogenic responses to 24 hours of fasting, energy balance, and five different overfeeding diets in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98: 2791–2799.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Treuth MS, Sunehag AL, Trautwein LM, Bier DM, Haymond MW, Butte NF . Metabolic adaptation to high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets in children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 479–489.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yerboeket-van de Venne WP, Westerterp KR . Effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate exchange on human energy metabolism. Appetite 1996; 26: 287–300.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bogardus C, LaGrange BM, Horton ES, Sims EA . Comparison of carbohydrate-containing and carbohydrate-restricted hypocaloric diets in the treatment of obesity. Endurance and metabolic fuel homeostasis during strenuous exercise. J Clin Invest 1981; 68: 399–404.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Golay A, Allaz AF, Morel Y, de Tonnac N, Tankova S, Reaven G . Similar weight loss with low- or high-carbohydrate diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63: 174–178.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Miyashita Y, Koide N, Ohtsuka M, Ozaki H, Itoh Y, Oyama T et al. Beneficial effect of low carbohydrate in low calorie diets on visceral fat reduction in type 2 diabetic patients with obesity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004; 65: 235–241.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang MU, Van Itallie TB . Composition of weight lost during short-term weight reduction. Metabolic responses of obese subjects to starvation and low-calorie ketogenic and nonketogenic diets. J Clin Invest 1976; 58: 722–730.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ebbeling CB, Swain JF, Feldman HA, Wong WW, Hachey DL, Garcia-Lago E et al. Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance. Jama 2012; 307: 2627–2634.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Leidy HJ, Clifton PM, Astrup A, Wycherley TP, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Luscombe-Marsh ND et al. The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101: 1320S–1329S.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wycherley TP, Moran LJ, Clifton PM, Noakes M, Brinkworth GD . Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96: 1281–1298.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hall KD . Comment on PMID: 22735432 effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance. PubMed Commons 2016. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22735432#cm22735432_22716096.

Kahlhofer J, Lagerpusch M, Enderle J, Eggeling B, Braun W, Pape D et al. Carbohydrate intake and glycemic index affect substrate oxidation during a controlled weight cycle in healthy men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68: 1060–1066.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bortz WM, Paul P, Haff AC, Holmes WL . Glycerol turnover and oxidation in man. J Clin Invest 1972; 51: 1537–1546.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Balasse EO, Fery F . Ketone body production and disposal: effects of fasting, diabetes, and exercise. Diabetes Metab Rev 1989; 5: 247–270.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Phinney SD . Ketogenic diets and physical performance. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2004; 1: 2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gibson AA, Seimon RV, Lee CM, Ayre J, Franklin J, Markovic TP et al. Do ketogenic diets really suppress appetite? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2015; 16: 64–76.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Paoli A, Bosco G, Camporesi EM, Mangar D . Ketosis, ketogenic diet and food intake control: a complex relationship. Front Psychol 2015; 6: 27.

Article  Google Scholar 

Westman EC, Feinman RD, Mavropoulos JC, Vernon MC, Volek JS, Wortman JA et al. Low-carbohydrate nutrition and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 276–284.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar