Acharya KP (2002) Twenty-four years of community forestry in Nepal. Int For Rev 4(2):149–156

Google Scholar 

Adhikari B (2005) Poverty, property rights and collective action: understanding the distributive aspects of common property resource management. Environ Dev Econ 10(1):7–31

Article  Google Scholar 

Adhikari B, Lovett JC (2006) Institutions and collective action: does heterogeneity matter in community-based resource management? J Dev Stud 42(3):426–445

Article  Google Scholar 

Adhikari S, Shrestha S (1999) Organizational assessment of forest user groups: a case study of 50 FUGs in 6 VDC’s of NRMP working area. Dhading Resource Management Project, Gajuri

Google Scholar 

Adhikari B, Di Falco S, Lovett JC (2004) Household characteristics and forest dependency: evidence from common property forest management in Nepal. Ecol Econ 48(2):245–257

Article  Google Scholar 

Agarwal B (2001) Participatory exclusions, community forestry, and gender: an analysis for South Asia and a conceptual framework. World Dev 29(10):1623–1648

Article  Google Scholar 

Agarwal B (2009a) Does women’s proportional strength affect their participation? Governing local forests in South Asia. World Dev 38(1):98–112

Article  Google Scholar 

Agarwal B (2009b) Rule making in community forestry institutions: the difference women make. Ecol Econ 68(8–9):2296–2308

Article  Google Scholar 

Agarwal A, Gibson CC (1999) Enchantment and disenchantment: the role of community in natural resource conservation. World Dev 27(4):629–649

Article  Google Scholar 

Agrawal A, Ostrom E (2001) Collective action, property rights, and decentralization in resource use in India and Nepal. Polit Soc 29(4):485–514

Article  Google Scholar 

Babbie ER (1990) Survey research methods. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont

Google Scholar 

Baidya BG, Tuladhar SM, Shrestha ML, Gautam M, Poudyal BR (2001) Community forestry and population issues in Nepal. In: Castro AP (ed) Incorporating population dynamics into community forestry: results and lessons from five case studies. FAO, Rome, pp 54–62

Google Scholar 

Bartlett AG (1992) A review of community forestry advances in Nepal. Commonw For Rev 71(2):95–100

Google Scholar 

Bowles S, Gintis H (2002) Social capital and community governance. Econ J 112(483):419–436

Article  Google Scholar 

Boyce JK, Klemer AR, Templet PH, Willis CE (1999) Power distribution, the environment, and public health: a state-level analysis. Ecol Econ 29(1):127–140

Article  Google Scholar 

Cleaver F (2000) Moral ecological rationality, institutions and the management of common property resources. Dev Change 31(2):361–383

Article  Google Scholar 

Cleaver F (2002) Reinventing institutions: bricolage and the social embeddedness of natural resource management. Eur J Dev Res 14(2):11–30

Article  Google Scholar 

Cleaver F (2005) The inequality of social capital and the reproduction of chronic poverty. World Dev 33(6):893–906

Article  Google Scholar 

DFO (2002) Annual progress report. District Forest Office (DFO), Dhadingbesi

Google Scholar 

DoF (2009) Community forestry national database: MIS database. Department of Forests, Community Forest Division, Kathmandu

Google Scholar 

Eckholm E (1975) The deterioration of mountain environments: ecological stress in the highlands of Asia, Latin America, and Africa takes a mounting social toll. Science 189(4205):764–770

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gautam KH (2006) Forestry, politicians and power—perspectives from Nepal’s forest policy. For Pol Econ 8(2):175–182

Google Scholar 

Gautam AP, Webb EL, Shivakoti GP (2002) Local participants’ perception about socio-economic and environmental impacts of community forestry in the Middle Hills of Nepal. Asia-Pacific J Rural Dev 12(2):60–81

Google Scholar 

Gautam AP, Shivakoti GP, Webb EL (2004a) Forest cover change, physiography, local economy, and institutions in a mountain watershed in Nepal. Environ Manage 33(1):48–61

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gautam AP, Shivakoti GP, Webb EL (2004b) A review of forest policies, institutions, and changes in the resource condition in Nepal. Int For Rev 6(2):136–148

Google Scholar 

Gilmour DA, Applegate GB (1985) Community forestry as an option for containing environmental degradation—a case study from Nepal. In: Symposium on effects of forest land use on erosion and slope stability. Honolulu, pp 41–46

Hardin G (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science 162(1968):1243–1248

CAS  Google Scholar 

Hausler S (1993) Community forestry: a critical assessment. The case of Nepal. Ecologist 23(3):84–90

Google Scholar 

HMG/ADB/FINNIDA (1988) Master plan for the forestry sector Nepal: main report Kathmandu

Iversen V, Chhetry B, Francis P, Gurung M, Kafle G, Pain A, Seeley J (2006) High value forests, hidden economies and elite capture: evidence from forest user groups in Nepal’s Terai. Ecol Econ 58(1):93–107

Article  Google Scholar 

Ives JD (1988) Development in the face of uncertainty. In: Ives JD, Pitt DC (eds) Deforestation: social dynamics in watersheds and mountain ecosystems. New York, Routledge, pp 54–74

Google Scholar 

Kant S (2000) A dynamic approach to forest regimes in developing economies. Ecol Econ 32(2):287–300

Article  Google Scholar 

Leach M (1992) Gender and the environment: traps and opportunities. Dev Practice 2(1):12–22

Article  Google Scholar 

Mahat TBS, Griffin DM, Shepherd KR (1986) Human impact on some forests of the middle hills of Nepal. 1. Forestry in the context of the traditional resources of the state. Mount Res Dev 6(3):223–232

Article  Google Scholar 

Malla YB (2000) Impact of community forestry policy on rural livelihoods and food security in Nepal. Unasylva 51(202):37–45

Google Scholar 

Malla YB (2001) Changing policies and the persistence of patron-client relations in Nepal: stakeholders’ responses to changes in forest policies. Environ History 6(2):287–307

Article  Google Scholar 

McCay BJ, Acheson JM (1987) Human ecology of the commons. In: McCay BJ, Acheson JM (eds) The question of the commons: the culture and ecology of communal resources. The University of Arizona Press, Tuscon, pp 1–34

Google Scholar 

MLD (1994) Dhading integrated rural development project. Ministry of Local Development, Kathmandu

Google Scholar 

Naidu SC (2009) Heterogeneity and collective management: evidence from common forests in Himachal Pradesh, India. World Dev 37(3):676–686

Article  Google Scholar 

Neupane H (2003) Contested impact of community forestry on equity: some evidence from Nepal. J For Livelihood 2(2):55–61

Google Scholar 

Nightingale A (2003) Nature-society and development: social, cultural and ecological change in Nepal. Geoforum 34(4):525–540

Article  Google Scholar 

NPC (2001) Population census (final results). National Planning Commission (NPC), Kathmandu

Google Scholar 

Ojha H, Timsina N, Khanal D (2007) How are forest policy decisions made in Nepal. J For Livelihood 6(1):1–17

Google Scholar 

Ojha HR, Cameron J, Kumar C (2009) Deliberation or symbolic violence? The governance of community forestry in Nepal. For Pol Econ 11(5–6):365–374

Google Scholar 

Olson M (1971) The logic of collective action: public goods and the theory of groups. Harvard University Press, Cambridge

Google Scholar 

Ostrom E (1990) Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Google Scholar 

Pandit R, Bevilacqua E (2007) Community forestry processes, impacts, and issues: analysis of forest users from Dhading district, Nepal. In: Laband DN (ed) Emerging Issues along urban/rural Interfaces 2: linking land-use science and society. Center for Forest Sustainability, Auburn University, Atlanta, pp 251–255

Google Scholar 

Pratto F, Stallworth LM, Conway-Lanz S (1998) Social dominance orientation and the legitimization of policy. J Appl Soc Psychol 28(20):1853–1875

Article  Google Scholar 

Regmi MC (1971) A study of Nepali economic history: 1768–1846. Manjusri, New Delhi

Google Scholar 

Sands R (2005) Forestry in a global context. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

Google Scholar 

Sidanius J, Pratto F (1999) Social dominance: an intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge University Press, New York

Google Scholar 

Spector PE (1992) Summated rating scale construction: an introduction. SAGE, Newbury Park

Google Scholar 

Springate-Baginski O, Blaikie P, Dev OP, Yadav NP, Soussan J (2002) Community forestry in Nepal: a policy review. Stockholm Environment Institute, York

Google Scholar 

Thoms CA (2008) Community control of resources and the challenge of improving local livelihoods: a critical examination of community forestry in Nepal. Geoforum 39(3):1452–1465

Article  Google Scholar 

Timsina NP (2003) Promoting social justice and conserving montane forest environments: a case study of Nepal’s community forestry programme. Geogr J 169(3):236–242

Article  Google Scholar 

Upreti B (2001) Beyond rhetorical success: advancing the potential for the community forestry programme in Nepal to address equity concerns. In: Wollenberg E, Edmunds D, Buck L, Fox J, Brodt S (eds) Social learning in community forests. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, pp 189–209

Google Scholar 

Varughese G, Ostrom E (2001) The contested role of heterogeneity in collective action: Some evidence from community forestry in Nepal. World Dev 29(5):747–765

Article  Google Scholar 

WB (1978) Forestry sector policy paper. World Bank, Washington DC

Google Scholar