Balph DM, Balph DF (1966) Sound communication of Uinta ground squirrels. J Mammal 47:440–450

Google Scholar 

Barash DP (1975) Marmot alarm-calling and the question of altruistic behavior. Am Midl Nat 94:468–470

Google Scholar 

Barash DP (1976) Social behaviour and individual differences in free-living alpine marmots (Marmota marmota). Anim Behav 24:27–35

Google Scholar 

Batschelet E (1981) Circular statistics in biology. Academic Press, New York

Google Scholar 

Brown CH (1982) Ventroloquial and locatable vocalization in birds. Z Tierpsychol 59:338–350

Google Scholar 

Charnov EL, Krebs JR (1975) The evolution of alarm calls: altruism or manipulation? Am Nat 109:107–112

Google Scholar 

Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM (1981) Selective forces affecting the predator alarm calls of vervet monkeys. Behaviour 76:25–61

Google Scholar 

Davis LS (1984) Alarm calling in Richardson's ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii). Z Tierpsychol 66:152–164

Google Scholar 

Dobson FS (1982) Competition for mates and predominant juvenile male dispersal in mammals. Anim Behav 30:1183–1192

Google Scholar 

Drabek CM (1970) Ethoecology of the round-tailed ground squirrel, Spermophilus tereticaudus. PhD thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson

Dunford C (1977) Kin selection for ground squirrel alarm calls. Am Nat 111:782–785

Google Scholar 

Evans FC (1951) Notes on a population of the striped ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus) in an abandoned field in southeastern Michigan. J Mammal 32:437–449

Google Scholar 

Fitch HS (1948) Ecology of the California ground squirrel on grazing lands. Am Midl Nat 39:513–596

Google Scholar 

French AR (1982) Intraspecific differences in the pattern of hibernation in the ground squirrel Spermophilus beldingi. J Comp Physiol 148:83–91

Google Scholar 

Greenwood PJ (1980) Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Anim Behav 28:1140–1162

Google Scholar 

Hamilton WD (1964) The genetical evolution of social behaviour, I and II. J Theor Biol 7:1–52

Google Scholar 

Hamilton WD (1971) Geometry for the selfish herd. J Theor Biol 31:295–311

Google Scholar 

Hanken J, Sherman PW (1981) Multiple paternity in Belding's ground squirrel litters. Science212:351–353

Google Scholar 

Harris MA, Murie JO, Duncan JA (1983) Responses of Columbian ground squirrels to playback of recorded calls. Z Tierpsychol 63:318–330

Google Scholar 

Holekamp KE (1983) Proximal mechanisms of natal dispersal in Belding's ground squirrel (Spermophilus beldingi beldingi). PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley

Holekamp KE (1984a) Natal dispersal in Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 16:21–30

Google Scholar 

Holekamp KE (1984b) Dispersal in ground-dwelling sciurids. In: Murie JO, Michener GR (eds) The biology of ground-dwelling squirrels. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Neb, pp 297–320

Google Scholar 

Holmes WG, Sherman PW (1982) The ontogeny of kin recognition in two species of ground squirrels. Am Zool 22:491–517

Google Scholar 

Hoogland JL (1983) Nepotism and alarm calling in the blacktailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). Anim Behav 31:472–479

Google Scholar 

Humphries DA, Driver PM (1970) Protean detense by prey animals. Oecologia (Berl) 5:285–302

Google Scholar 

Ivins BL, Smith AT (1983) Responses of pikas (Ochotona princeps. Lagomorpha) to naturally occurring terrestrial predators. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 13:277–285

Google Scholar 

Jenkins SH, Eshelman BD (1983) Spermophilus beldingi.Am Soc Mammal, Mammalian Sp 221:1–8

Google Scholar 

Koeppl JW, Hoffmann RS, Nadler CF (1978) Pattern analysis of acoustical behavior in four species of ground squirrels. J Mammal 59:677–696

Google Scholar 

Krebs JR, Dawkins R (1984) Animal signals: mind reading and manipulation. In: Krebs JR, Davies NB (eds) Behavioural ecology, 2nd edn. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass, pp 380–402

Google Scholar 

Leger DW, Owings DH (1978) Responses to alarm calls by California ground squirrels: effects of call structure and maternal status. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 3:177–186

Google Scholar 

Leger DW, Owings DH, Boal LM (1979) Contextual information and differential responses to alarm whistles in California ground squirrels. Z Tierpsychol 49:142–155

Google Scholar 

Leger DW, Owings DH, Gelfand DL (1980) Single-note vocalizations of California ground squirrels: graded signals and situation-specificity of predator and socially evoked calls. Z Tierpsychol 52:227–246

Google Scholar 

Leger DW, Berney-Key SD, Sherman PW (1984) Vocalizations of Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi). Anim Behav 32:753–764

Google Scholar 

Mader WJ (1975) Biology of the Harris' hawk in southern Arizona. Living Bird 14:59–85

Google Scholar 

Markl H (1985) Manipulation, modulation, information, cognition: some of the riddles of communication. Fortschr Zool 31:163–194

Google Scholar 

Marler P (1955) Characteristics of some animal calls.Nature 176:6–8

Google Scholar 

Marler P (1956) Behaviour of the chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs). Behaviour (Suppl) 5:1–184

Google Scholar 

Marler P (1959) Developments in the study of animal communication. In: Bell PR (ed), Darwin's biological work. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 150–206

Google Scholar 

Matocha KG (1977) The vocal repertoire of Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. Am Midl Nat 98:482–487

Google Scholar 

Maynard Smith J (1965) The evolution of alarm calls. Am Nat 99:59–63

Google Scholar 

Melchior HR (1971) Characteristics of Arctic ground squirrel alarm calls. Oecologia (Berl) 7:184–190

Google Scholar 

Michener GR (1983) Kin identification, matriarchies, and the evolution of sociality in ground-dwelling sciurids. In: Eisenberg JF, Kleiman D (eds) Advances in the study of mammalian behavior. Am Soc Mammal Sp Publ 7, pp 528–572

Morton ML (1975) Seasonal cycles of body weights and lipids in Belding ground squirrels. Bull South Calif Acad Sci 74:128–143

Google Scholar 

Morton ML, Sherman PW (1978) Effects of a spring snowstorm on behavior, reproduction, and survival of Belding's ground squirrels. Can J Zool 56:2578–2590

Google Scholar 

Müller-Schwarze D, Müller-Schwarze C (1971) Responses of chipmunks to models of aerial predators. J Mammal 52:456–458

Google Scholar 

Neill SR St J, Cullen JM (1974) Experiments on whether schooling by their prey affects the hunting behavior of cephalopods and fish predators. J Zool (Lond) 172:549–569

Google Scholar 

Noyes DH, Holmes WG (1979) Behavioral responses of freeliving hoary marmots to a model golden eagle. J Mammal 60:408–411

Google Scholar 

Owens NW, Goss-Custard JD (1976) The adaptive significance of alarm calls given by shorebirds on their winter feeding grounds. Evolution 30:397–398

Google Scholar 

Owings DH, Hennessy DF (1984) The importance of variation in sciurid visual and vocal communication. In: Murie JO, Michener GR (eds) The biology of ground dwelling squirrels. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Neb, pp 169–200

Google Scholar 

Owings DH, Leger DW (1980) Chatter vocalizations of California ground squirrels: Predator-and social-role specificity. Z Tierpsychol 54:163–184

Google Scholar 

Owings DH, Virginia RA (1978) Alarm calls of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). Z Tierpsychol 46:58–70

Google Scholar 

Perrins C (1968) The purpose of the high-intensity alarm call in small passerines. Ibis 110:200–201

Google Scholar 

Pfeifer S (1980) Aerial predation on Wyoming ground squirrels. J Mammal 61:371–372

Google Scholar 

Robinson SR (1980) Antipredator behaviour and predator recognition in Belding's ground squirrels. Anim Behav 28:840–852

Google Scholar 

Robinson SR (1981) Alarm communication in Belding's ground squirrels. Z Tierpsychol 56:150–168

Google Scholar 

Schwagmeyer PL (1980) Alarm calling behavior of the thirteenlined ground squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 7:195–200

Google Scholar 

Schwagmeyer PL, Brown CH (1981) Conspecific reaction to playback of thirteen-lined ground squirrel vocalizations. Z Tierpsychol 56:25–32

Google Scholar 

Sherman PW (1976) Natural selection among some group-living organisms. PhD thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Sherman PW (1977) Nepotism and the evolution of alarm calls. Science 197:1246–1253

Google Scholar 

Sherman PW (1980a) The limits of ground squirrel nepotism. In: Barlow GW, Silverberg J (eds) Sociobiology: beyond nature/nurture? Westview, Boulder, Col, pp 505–544

Google Scholar 

Sherman PW (1980b) The meaning of nepotism. Am Nat 116:604–606

Google Scholar 

Sherman PW (1981a)Kinship, demography, and Belding's ground squirrel nepotism. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 8:251–259

Google Scholar 

Sherman PW (1981b) Reproductive competition and infanticide in Belding's ground squirrels and other animals. In: Alexander RD, Tinkle DW (eds)Natural selection and social behavior: Recent research and new theory. Chiron, New York, pp 311–331

Google Scholar 

Sherman PW, Morton ML (1984) Demography of Belding's ground squirrels. Ecology 65:1617–1628

Google Scholar 

Shields WM (1980) Ground squirrel alarm calls: nepotism or parental care? Am Nat 116:599–603

Google Scholar 

Smith SF (1978) Alarm calls, their origin and use in Eutamias sonomae. J Mammal 59:888–893

Google Scholar 

Smythe N (1970) On the existence of“pursuit invitation” signals in mammals. Am Nat 104:491–494

Google Scholar 

Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1981) Biometry, 2nd edn. Freeman, San Francisco

Google Scholar 

Tilson RL, Norton PM (1981) Alarm duetting and pursuit deterrence in an African antelope. Am Nat 118:455–462

Google Scholar 

Turner LW (1973) Vocal and escape responses of Spermophilus beldingi to predators. J Mammal 54:990–993

Google Scholar 

Vestal BM, McCarley H (1984) Spatial and social relations of kin in thirteen-lined and other ground squirrels. In: Murie JO, Michener GR (eds) The biology of ground-dwelling squirrels. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Neb, pp 404–423

Google Scholar 

Williams GC (1966) Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton

Google Scholar 

Woodland DJ, Jaafar Z, Knight M (1980) The “pursuit deterrent” function of alarm signals. Am Nat 115:748–753

Google Scholar