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Showing content from https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/URI.html below:

module URI - Documentation for Ruby 3.5

module URI

URI is a module providing classes to handle Uniform Resource Identifiers (RFC2396).

Features¶ ↑

Uniform way of handling URIs.
Flexibility to introduce custom URI schemes.
Flexibility to have an alternate URI::Parser (or just different patterns and regexpâs).

Basic example¶ ↑

require 'uri'

uri = URI("http://foo.com/posts?id=30&limit=5#time=1305298413")


uri.scheme    
uri.host      
uri.path      
uri.query     
uri.fragment  

uri.to_s

Adding custom URIs¶ ↑

module URI
  class RSYNC < Generic
    DEFAULT_PORT = 873
  end
  register_scheme 'RSYNC', RSYNC
end


URI.scheme_list




uri = URI("rsync://rsync.foo.com")

RFC References¶ ↑

A good place to view an RFC spec is www.ietf.org/rfc.html.

Here is a list of all related RFCâs:

Class tree¶ ↑

URI::Generic (in uri/generic.rb)
- URI::File - (in uri/file.rb)
- URI::FTP - (in uri/ftp.rb)
- URI::HTTP - (in uri/http.rb)
  - URI::HTTPS - (in uri/https.rb)
- URI::LDAP - (in uri/ldap.rb)
  - URI::LDAPS - (in uri/ldaps.rb)
- URI::MailTo - (in uri/mailto.rb)
URI::Parser - (in uri/common.rb)
URI::REGEXP - (in uri/common.rb)
- URI::REGEXP::PATTERN - (in uri/common.rb)
URI::Util - (in uri/common.rb)
URI::Error - (in uri/common.rb)
- URI::InvalidURIError - (in uri/common.rb)
- URI::InvalidComponentError - (in uri/common.rb)
- URI::BadURIError - (in uri/common.rb)

Author: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org>
Documentation: Akira Yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org> Dmitry V. Sabanin <sdmitry@lrn.ru> Vincent Batts <vbatts@hashbangbash.com>
License: Copyright Â© 2001 akira yamada <akira@ruby-lang.org> You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same term as Ruby.

Constants

DEFAULT_PARSER: The default parser instance.
INITIAL_SCHEMES
RFC2396_PARSER: The default parser instance for RFC 2396.
RFC3986_PARSER: The default parser instance for RFC 3986.

Public Class Methods

Source

def self.decode_uri_component(str, enc=Encoding::UTF_8)
  _decode_uri_component(/%\h\h/, str, enc)
end

Like URI.decode_www_form_component, except that '+' is preserved.

Source

def self.decode_www_form(str, enc=Encoding::UTF_8, separator: '&', use__charset_: false, isindex: false)
  raise ArgumentError, "the input of #{self.name}.#{__method__} must be ASCII only string" unless str.ascii_only?
  ary = []
  return ary if str.empty?
  enc = Encoding.find(enc)
  str.b.each_line(separator) do |string|
    string.chomp!(separator)
    key, sep, val = string.partition('=')
    if isindex
      if sep.empty?
        val = key
        key = +''
      end
      isindex = false
    end

    if use__charset_ and key == '_charset_' and e = get_encoding(val)
      enc = e
      use__charset_ = false
    end

    key.gsub!(/\+|%\h\h/, TBLDECWWWCOMP_)
    if val
      val.gsub!(/\+|%\h\h/, TBLDECWWWCOMP_)
    else
      val = +''
    end

    ary << [key, val]
  end
  ary.each do |k, v|
    k.force_encoding(enc)
    k.scrub!
    v.force_encoding(enc)
    v.scrub!
  end
  ary
end

Returns name/value pairs derived from the given string str, which must be an ASCII string.

The method may be used to decode the body of Net::HTTPResponse object res for which res['Content-Type'] is 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'.

The returned data is an array of 2-element subarrays; each subarray is a name/value pair (both are strings). Each returned string has encoding enc, and has had invalid characters removed via String#scrub.

A simple example:

URI.decode_www_form('foo=0&bar=1&baz')

The returned strings have certain conversions, similar to those performed in URI.decode_www_form_component:

URI.decode_www_form('f%23o=%2F&b-r=%24&b+z=%40')

The given string may contain consecutive separators:

URI.decode_www_form('foo=0&&bar=1&&baz=2')

A different separator may be specified:

URI.decode_www_form('foo=0--bar=1--baz', separator: '--')

Source

def self.decode_www_form_component(str, enc=Encoding::UTF_8)
  _decode_uri_component(/\+|%\h\h/, str, enc)
end

Returns a string decoded from the given URL-encoded string str.

The given string is first encoded as Encoding::ASCII-8BIT (using String#b), then decoded (as below), and finally force-encoded to the given encoding enc.

The returned string:

Preserves:
- Characters '*', '.', '-', and '_'.
- Character in ranges 'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', and '0'..'9'.
Example:
```
URI.decode_www_form_component('*.-_azAZ09')
```
Converts:
- Character '+' to character ' '.
- Each âpercent notationâ to an ASCII character.
Example:
```
URI.decode_www_form_component('Here+are+some+punctuation+characters%3A+%2C%3B%3F%3A')
```

Related: URI.decode_uri_component (preserves '+').

Source

def self.encode_uri_component(str, enc=nil)
  _encode_uri_component(/[^*\-.0-9A-Z_a-z]/, TBLENCURICOMP_, str, enc)
end

Like URI.encode_www_form_component, except that ' ' (space) is encoded as '%20' (instead of '+').

Source

def self.encode_www_form(enum, enc=nil)
  enum.map do |k,v|
    if v.nil?
      encode_www_form_component(k, enc)
    elsif v.respond_to?(:to_ary)
      v.to_ary.map do |w|
        str = encode_www_form_component(k, enc)
        unless w.nil?
          str << '='
          str << encode_www_form_component(w, enc)
        end
      end.join('&')
    else
      str = encode_www_form_component(k, enc)
      str << '='
      str << encode_www_form_component(v, enc)
    end
  end.join('&')
end

Returns a URL-encoded string derived from the given Enumerable enum.

The result is suitable for use as form data for an HTTP request whose Content-Type is 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'.

The returned string consists of the elements of enum, each converted to one or more URL-encoded strings, and all joined with character '&'.

Simple examples:

URI.encode_www_form([['foo', 0], ['bar', 1], ['baz', 2]])

URI.encode_www_form({foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2})

The returned string is formed using method URI.encode_www_form_component, which converts certain characters:

URI.encode_www_form('f#o': '/', 'b-r': '$', 'b z': '@')

When enum is Array-like, each element ele is converted to a field:

If ele is an array of two or more elements, the field is formed from its first two elements (and any additional elements are ignored):

name = URI.encode_www_form_component(ele[0], enc)
value = URI.encode_www_form_component(ele[1], enc)
"#{name}=#{value}"

Examples:

URI.encode_www_form([%w[foo bar], %w[baz bat bah]])

URI.encode_www_form([['foo', 0], ['bar', :baz, 'bat']])

If ele is an array of one element, the field is formed from ele[0]:

URI.encode_www_form_component(ele[0])

Example:

URI.encode_www_form([['foo'], [:bar], [0]])

Otherwise the field is formed from ele:

URI.encode_www_form_component(ele)

Example:

URI.encode_www_form(['foo', :bar, 0])

The elements of an Array-like enum may be mixture:

URI.encode_www_form([['foo', 0], ['bar', 1, 2], ['baz'], :bat])

When enum is Hash-like, each key/value pair is converted to one or more fields:

If value is Array-convertible, each element ele in value is paired with key to form a field:

name = URI.encode_www_form_component(key, enc)
value = URI.encode_www_form_component(ele, enc)
"#{name}=#{value}"

Example:

URI.encode_www_form({foo: [:bar, 1], baz: [:bat, :bam, 2]})

Otherwise, key and value are paired to form a field:

name = URI.encode_www_form_component(key, enc)
value = URI.encode_www_form_component(value, enc)
"#{name}=#{value}"

Example:

URI.encode_www_form({foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2})

The elements of a Hash-like enum may be mixture:

URI.encode_www_form({foo: [0, 1], bar: 2})

Source

def self.encode_www_form_component(str, enc=nil)
  _encode_uri_component(/[^*\-.0-9A-Z_a-z]/, TBLENCWWWCOMP_, str, enc)
end

Returns a URL-encoded string derived from the given string str.

The returned string:

Preserves:
- Characters '*', '.', '-', and '_'.
- Character in ranges 'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', and '0'..'9'.
Example:
```
URI.encode_www_form_component('*.-_azAZ09')
```
Converts:
- Character ' ' to character '+'.
- Any other character to âpercent notationâ; the percent notation for character c is '%%%X' % c.ord.
Example:
```
URI.encode_www_form_component('Here are some punctuation characters: ,;?:')
```

Encoding:

If str has encoding Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, argument enc is ignored.
Otherwise str is converted first to Encoding::UTF_8 (with suitable character replacements), and then to encoding enc.

In either case, the returned string has forced encoding Encoding::US_ASCII.

Related: URI.encode_uri_component (encodes ' ' as '%20').

Source

def self.for(scheme, *arguments, default: Generic)
  const_name = Schemes.escape(scheme)

  uri_class = INITIAL_SCHEMES[const_name]
  uri_class ||= Schemes.find(const_name)
  uri_class ||= default

  return uri_class.new(scheme, *arguments)
end

Returns a new object constructed from the given scheme, arguments, and default:

The new object is an instance of URI.scheme_list[scheme.upcase].
The object is initialized by calling the class initializer using scheme and arguments. See URI::Generic.new.

Examples:

values = ['john.doe', 'www.example.com', '123', nil, '/forum/questions/', nil, 'tag=networking&order=newest', 'top']
URI.for('https', *values)

URI.for('foo', *values, default: URI::HTTP)

Source

def self.join(*str)
  DEFAULT_PARSER.join(*str)
end

Merges the given URI strings str per RFC 2396.

Each string in str is converted to an RFC3986 URI before being merged.

Examples:

URI.join("http://example.com/","main.rbx")


URI.join('http://example.com', 'foo')


URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo', '/bar')


URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo', 'bar')


URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo/', 'bar')

Source

def self.open(name, *rest, &block)
  if name.respond_to?(:open)
    name.open(*rest, &block)
  elsif name.respond_to?(:to_str) &&
        %r{\A[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9+\-\.]*://} =~ name &&
        (uri = URI.parse(name)).respond_to?(:open)
    uri.open(*rest, &block)
  else
    super
  end
end

Allows the opening of various resources including URIs.

If the first argument responds to the âopenâ method, âopenâ is called on it with the rest of the arguments.

If the first argument is a string that begins with (protocol)://, it is parsed by URI.parse. If the parsed object responds to the âopenâ method, âopenâ is called on it with the rest of the arguments.

Otherwise, Kernel#open is called.

OpenURI::OpenRead#open provides URI::HTTP#open, URI::HTTPS#open and URI::FTP#open, Kernel#open.

We can accept URIs and strings that begin with http://, https:// and ftp://. In these cases, the opened file object is extended by OpenURI::Meta.

Calls superclass method

Source

def self.parse(uri)
  DEFAULT_PARSER.parse(uri)
end

Returns a new URI object constructed from the given string uri:

URI.parse('https://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top')

URI.parse('http://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top')

Itâs recommended to first ::escape string uri if it may contain invalid URI characters.

Source

def self.parser=(parser = RFC3986_PARSER)
  remove_const(:Parser) if defined?(::URI::Parser)
  const_set("Parser", parser.class)

  remove_const(:REGEXP) if defined?(::URI::REGEXP)
  remove_const(:PATTERN) if defined?(::URI::PATTERN)
  if Parser == RFC2396_Parser
    const_set("REGEXP", URI::RFC2396_REGEXP)
    const_set("PATTERN", URI::RFC2396_REGEXP::PATTERN)
  end

  Parser.new.regexp.each_pair do |sym, str|
    remove_const(sym) if const_defined?(sym, false)
    const_set(sym, str)
  end
end

Set the default parser instance.

Source

def self.register_scheme(scheme, klass)
  Schemes.register(scheme, klass)
end

Registers the given klass as the class to be instantiated when parsing a URI with the given scheme:

URI.register_scheme('MS_SEARCH', URI::Generic) 
URI.scheme_list['MS_SEARCH']

Note that after calling String#upcase on scheme, it must be a valid constant name.

Source

def self.scheme_list
  Schemes.list
end

Returns a hash of the defined schemes:

URI.scheme_list

{"MAILTO"=>URI::MailTo,
 "LDAPS"=>URI::LDAPS,
 "WS"=>URI::WS,
 "HTTP"=>URI::HTTP,
 "HTTPS"=>URI::HTTPS,
 "LDAP"=>URI::LDAP,
 "FILE"=>URI::File,
 "FTP"=>URI::FTP}

Related: URI.register_scheme.

Source

def self.split(uri)
  DEFAULT_PARSER.split(uri)
end

Returns a 9-element array representing the parts of the URI formed from the string uri; each array element is a string or nil:

names = %w[scheme userinfo host port registry path opaque query fragment]
values = URI.split('https://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top')
names.zip(values)

[["scheme", "https"],
 ["userinfo", "john.doe"],
 ["host", "www.example.com"],
 ["port", "123"],
 ["registry", nil],
 ["path", "/forum/questions/"],
 ["opaque", nil],
 ["query", "tag=networking&order=newest"],
 ["fragment", "top"]]

Private Class Methods

Source

def self._decode_uri_component(regexp, str, enc)
  raise ArgumentError, "invalid %-encoding (#{str})" if /%(?!\h\h)/.match?(str)
  str.b.gsub(regexp, TBLDECWWWCOMP_).force_encoding(enc)
end

Source

def self._encode_uri_component(regexp, table, str, enc)
  str = str.to_s.dup
  if str.encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
    if enc && enc != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
      str.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8, invalid: :replace, undef: :replace)
      str.encode!(enc, fallback: ->(x){"&##{x.ord};"})
    end
    str.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
  end
  str.gsub!(regexp, table)
  str.force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII)
end

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