Module Process represents a process in the underlying operating system. Its methods support management of the current process and its child processes.
Each of the following methods executes a given command in a new process or subshell, or multiple commands in new processes and/or subshells. The choice of process or subshell depends on the form of the command; see Argument command_line or exe_path.
Process.spawn, Kernel#spawn: Executes the command; returns the new pid without waiting for completion.
Process.exec: Replaces the current process by executing the command.
In addition:
Method Kernel#system executes a given command-line (string) in a subshell; returns true, false, or nil.
Method Kernel#` executes a given command-line (string) in a subshell; returns its $stdout string.
Module Open3 supports creating child processes with access to their $stdin, $stdout, and $stderr streams.
Optional leading argument env is a hash of name/value pairs, where each name is a string and each value is a string or nil; each name/value pair is added to ENV in the new process.
Process.spawn( 'ruby -e "p ENV[\"Foo\"]"')
Process.spawn({'Foo' => '0'}, 'ruby -e "p ENV[\"Foo\"]"')
Output:
"0"
The effect is usually similar to that of calling ENV#update with argument env, where each named environment variable is created or updated (if the value is non-nil), or deleted (if the value is nil).
However, some modifications to the calling process may remain if the new process fails. For example, hard resource limits are not restored.
Argumentcommand_line or exe_path¶ ↑
The required string argument is one of the following:
command_line if it begins with a shell reserved word or special built-in, or if it contains one or more meta characters.
exe_path otherwise.
command_line¶ ↑
String argument command_line is a command line to be passed to a shell; it must begin with a shell reserved word, begin with a special built-in, or contain meta characters:
system('if true; then echo "Foo"; fi')
system('exit')
system('date > /tmp/date.tmp')
system('date > /nop/date.tmp')
system('date > /nop/date.tmp', exception: true)
The command line may also contain arguments and options for the command:
system('echo "Foo"')
Output:
Foo
See Execution Shell for details about the shell.
Argumentexe_path¶ ↑
Argument exe_path is one of the following:
The string path to an executable file to be called:
Example:
system('/usr/bin/date')
system('foo')
Output:
Thu Aug 31 10:06:48 AM CDT 2023
A path or command name containing spaces without arguments cannot be distinguished from command_line above, so you must quote or escape the entire command name using a shell in platform dependent manner, or use the array form below.
If exe_path does not contain any path separator, an executable file is searched from directories specified with the PATH environment variable. What the word âexecutableâ means here is depending on platforms.
Even if the file considered âexecutableâ, its content may not be in proper executable format. In that case, Ruby tries to run it by using /bin/sh on a Unix-like system, like system(3) does.
File.write('shell_command', 'echo $SHELL', perm: 0o755)
system('./shell_command')
A 2-element array containing the path to an executable and the string to be used as the name of the executing process:
Example:
pid = spawn(['sleep', 'Hello!'], '1')
p `ps -p #{pid} -o command=`
Output:
"Hello! 1\n"
args¶ ↑
If command_line does not contain shell meta characters except for spaces and tabs, or exe_path is given, Ruby invokes the executable directly. This form does not use the shell:
spawn("doesnt_exist")
spawn("doesnt_exist", "\n")
spawn("doesnt_exist\n")
The error message is from a shell and would vary depending on your system.
If one or more args is given after exe_path, each is an argument or option to be passed to the executable:
Example:
system('echo', '<', 'C*', '|', '$SHELL', '>')
Output:
< C* | $SHELL >
However, there are exceptions on Windows. See Execution Shell on Windows.
If you want to invoke a path containing spaces with no arguments without shell, you will need to use a 2-element array exe_path.
Example:
path = '/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome' spawn(path) spawn([path] * 2)Execution Options¶ ↑
Optional trailing argument options is a hash of execution options.
:chdir)¶ ↑
By default, the working directory for the new process is the same as that of the current process:
Dir.chdir('/var')
Process.spawn('ruby -e "puts Dir.pwd"')
Output:
/var
Use option :chdir to set the working directory for the new process:
Process.spawn('ruby -e "puts Dir.pwd"', {chdir: '/tmp'})
Output:
/tmp
The working directory of the current process is not changed:
Dir.pwdFile Redirection (File Descriptor)¶ ↑
Use execution options for file redirection in the new process.
The key for such an option may be an integer file descriptor (fd), specifying a source, or an array of fds, specifying multiple sources.
An integer source fd may be specified as:
n: Specifies file descriptor n.
There are these shorthand symbols for fds:
:in: Specifies file descriptor 0 (STDIN).
:out: Specifies file descriptor 1 (STDOUT).
:err: Specifies file descriptor 2 (STDERR).
The value given with a source is one of:
n: Redirects to fd n in the parent process.
filepath: Redirects from or to the file at filepath via open(filepath, mode, 0644), where mode is 'r' for source :in, or 'w' for source :out or :err.
[filepath]: Redirects from the file at filepath via open(filepath, 'r', 0644).
[filepath, mode]: Redirects from or to the file at filepath via open(filepath, mode, 0644).
[filepath, mode, perm]: Redirects from or to the file at filepath via open(filepath, mode, perm).
[:child, fd]: Redirects to the redirected fd.
:close: Closes the file descriptor in child process.
See Access Modes and File Permissions.
Environment Variables (:unsetenv_others)¶ ↑
By default, the new process inherits environment variables from the parent process; use execution option key :unsetenv_others with value true to clear environment variables in the new process.
Any changes specified by execution option env are made after the new process inherits or clears its environment variables; see Execution Environment.
:umask)¶ ↑
Use execution option :umask to set the file-creation access for the new process; see Access Modes:
command = 'ruby -e "puts sprintf(\"0%o\", File.umask)"'
options = {:umask => 0644}
Process.spawn(command, options)
Output:
0644Process Groups (
:pgroup and :new_pgroup)¶ ↑
By default, the new process belongs to the same process group as the parent process.
To specify a different process group. use execution option :pgroup with one of the following values:
true: Create a new process group for the new process.
pgid: Create the new process in the process group whose id is pgid.
On Windows only, use execution option :new_pgroup with value true to create a new process group for the new process.
Use execution options to set resource limits.
The keys for these options are symbols of the form :rlimit_resource_name, where resource_name is the downcased form of one of the string resource names described at method Process.setrlimit. For example, key :rlimit_cpu corresponds to resource limit 'CPU'.
The value for such as key is one of:
An integer, specifying both the current and maximum limits.
A 2-element array of integers, specifying the current and maximum limits.
By default, the new process inherits file descriptors from the parent process.
Use execution option :close_others => true to modify that inheritance by closing non-standard fds (3 and greater) that are not otherwise redirected.
On a Unix-like system, the shell invoked is /bin/sh; the entire string command_line is passed as an argument to shell option -c.
The shell performs normal shell expansion on the command line:
Example:
system('echo $SHELL: C*')
Output:
/bin/bash: CONTRIBUTING.md COPYING COPYING.jaExecution Shell on Windows¶ ↑
On Windows, the shell invoked is determined by environment variable RUBYSHELL, if defined, or COMSPEC otherwise; the entire string command_line is passed as an argument to -c option for RUBYSHELL, as well as /bin/sh, and /c option for COMSPEC. The shell is invoked automatically in the following cases:
The command is a built-in of cmd.exe, such as echo.
The executable file is a batch file; its name ends with .bat or .cmd.
Note that the command will still be invoked as command_line form even when called in exe_path form, because cmd.exe does not accept a script name like /bin/sh does but only works with /c option.
The standard shell cmd.exe performs environment variable expansion but does not have globbing functionality:
Example:
system("echo %COMSPEC%: C*")' # => true
Output:
C:\WINDOWS\system32\cmd.exe: C*Whatâs Here¶ ↑ Current-Process Getters¶ ↑
::argv0: Returns the process name as a frozen string.
::egid: Returns the effective group ID.
::euid: Returns the effective user ID.
::getpgrp: Return the process group ID.
::getrlimit: Returns the resource limit.
::gid: Returns the (real) group ID.
::pid: Returns the process ID.
::ppid: Returns the process ID of the parent process.
::uid: Returns the (real) user ID.
::egid=: Sets the effective group ID.
::euid=: Sets the effective user ID.
::gid=: Sets the (real) group ID.
::setproctitle: Sets the process title.
::setpgrp: Sets the process group ID of the process to zero.
::setrlimit: Sets a resource limit.
::setsid: Establishes the process as a new session and process group leader, with no controlling tty.
::uid=: Sets the user ID.
::abort: Immediately terminates the process.
::daemon: Detaches the process from its controlling terminal and continues running it in the background as system daemon.
::exec: Replaces the process by running a given external command.
::exit: Initiates process termination by raising exception SystemExit (which may be caught).
::exit!: Immediately exits the process.
::warmup: Notifies the Ruby virtual machine that the boot sequence for the application is completed, and that the VM may begin optimizing the application.
::detach: Guards against a child process becoming a zombie.
::fork: Creates a child process.
::kill: Sends a given signal to processes.
::spawn: Creates a child process.
::wait, ::waitpid: Waits for a child process to exit; returns its process ID.
::wait2, ::waitpid2: Waits for a child process to exit; returns its process ID and status.
::waitall: Waits for all child processes to exit; returns their process IDs and statuses.
::getpgid: Returns the process group ID for a process.
::getpriority: Returns the scheduling priority for a process, process group, or user.
::getsid: Returns the session ID for a process.
::groups: Returns an array of the group IDs in the supplemental group access list for this process.
::groups=: Sets the supplemental group access list to the given array of group IDs.
::initgroups: Initializes the supplemental group access list.
::last_status: Returns the status of the last executed child process in the current thread.
::maxgroups: Returns the maximum number of group IDs allowed in the supplemental group access list.
::maxgroups=: Sets the maximum number of group IDs allowed in the supplemental group access list.
::setpgid: Sets the process group ID of a process.
::setpriority: Sets the scheduling priority for a process, process group, or user.
::clock_getres: Returns the resolution of a system clock.
::clock_gettime: Returns the time from a system clock.
::times: Returns a Process::Tms object containing times for the current process and its child processes.
Maximum size of the processâs virtual memory (address space) in bytes.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
Maximum size of the core file.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
CPU time limit in seconds.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
Maximum size of the processâs data segment.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
Maximum size of files that the process may create.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
Maximum number of bytes of memory that may be locked into RAM.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
Specifies the limit on the number of bytes that can be allocated for POSIX message queues for the real user ID of the calling process.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
Specifies a ceiling to which the processâs nice value can be raised.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
Specifies a value one greater than the maximum file descriptor number that can be opened by this process.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
The maximum number of processes that can be created for the real user ID of the calling process.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
The maximum number of pseudo-terminals that can be created for the real user ID of the calling process.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
Specifies the limit (in pages) of the processâs resident set.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
Specifies a ceiling on the real-time priority that may be set for this process.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
Specifies limit on CPU time this process scheduled under a real-time scheduling policy can consume.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
Maximum size of the socket buffer.
Specifies a limit on the number of signals that may be queued for the real user ID of the calling process.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
Maximum size of the stack, in bytes.
see the system getrlimit(2) manual for details.
see Process.wait
see Process.wait
VALUE
rb_proc__fork(VALUE _obj)
{
rb_pid_t pid = proc_fork_pid();
return PIDT2NUM(pid);
}
An internal API for fork. Do not call this method directly. Currently, this is called via Kernel#fork, Process.fork, and IO.popen with "-".
This method is not for casual code but for application monitoring libraries. You can add custom code before and after fork events by overriding this method.
Note: Process.daemon may be implemented using fork(2) BUT does not go through this method. Thus, depending on your reason to hook into this method, you may also want to hook into that one. See this issue for a more detailed discussion of this.
static VALUE
f_abort(int c, const VALUE *a, VALUE _)
{
rb_f_abort(c, a);
UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
}
Terminates execution immediately, effectively by calling Kernel.exit(false).
If string argument msg is given, it is written to STDERR prior to termination; otherwise, if an exception was raised, prints its message and backtrace.
static VALUE
proc_argv0(VALUE process)
{
return rb_orig_progname;
}
Returns the name of the script being executed. The value is not affected by assigning a new value to $0.
This method first appeared in Ruby 2.1 to serve as a global variable free means to get the script name.
Sourcestatic VALUE
rb_clock_getres(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
{
int ret;
struct timetick tt;
timetick_int_t numerators[2];
timetick_int_t denominators[2];
int num_numerators = 0;
int num_denominators = 0;
#ifdef HAVE_CLOCK_GETRES
clockid_t c;
#endif
VALUE unit = (rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2) == 2) ? argv[1] : Qnil;
VALUE clk_id = argv[0];
if (SYMBOL_P(clk_id)) {
#ifdef CLOCK_REALTIME
if (clk_id == RUBY_CLOCK_REALTIME) {
c = CLOCK_REALTIME;
goto getres;
}
#endif
#ifdef CLOCK_MONOTONIC
if (clk_id == RUBY_CLOCK_MONOTONIC) {
c = CLOCK_MONOTONIC;
goto getres;
}
#endif
#ifdef CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
if (clk_id == RUBY_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID) {
c = CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID;
goto getres;
}
#endif
#ifdef CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
if (clk_id == RUBY_CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID) {
c = CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID;
goto getres;
}
#endif
#ifdef RUBY_GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME
if (clk_id == RUBY_GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME) {
tt.giga_count = 0;
tt.count = 1000;
denominators[num_denominators++] = 1000000000;
goto success;
}
#endif
#ifdef RUBY_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME
if (clk_id == RUBY_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME) {
tt.giga_count = 1;
tt.count = 0;
denominators[num_denominators++] = 1000000000;
goto success;
}
#endif
#ifdef RUBY_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC
if (clk_id == RUBY_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC) {
tt.count = 1;
tt.giga_count = 0;
denominators[num_denominators++] = get_clk_tck();
goto success;
}
#endif
#ifdef RUBY_GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
if (clk_id == RUBY_GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID) {
tt.giga_count = 0;
tt.count = 1000;
denominators[num_denominators++] = 1000000000;
goto success;
}
#endif
#ifdef RUBY_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
if (clk_id == RUBY_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID) {
tt.count = 1;
tt.giga_count = 0;
denominators[num_denominators++] = get_clk_tck();
goto success;
}
#endif
#ifdef RUBY_CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
if (clk_id == RUBY_CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID) {
tt.count = 1;
tt.giga_count = 0;
denominators[num_denominators++] = CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
goto success;
}
#endif
#ifdef RUBY_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC
if (clk_id == RUBY_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC) {
const mach_timebase_info_data_t *info = get_mach_timebase_info();
tt.count = 1;
tt.giga_count = 0;
numerators[num_numerators++] = info->numer;
denominators[num_denominators++] = info->denom;
denominators[num_denominators++] = 1000000000;
goto success;
}
#endif
}
else if (NUMERIC_CLOCKID) {
#if defined(HAVE_CLOCK_GETRES)
struct timespec ts;
c = NUM2CLOCKID(clk_id);
getres:
ret = clock_getres(c, &ts);
if (ret == -1)
clock_failed("getres", errno, clk_id);
tt.count = (int32_t)ts.tv_nsec;
tt.giga_count = ts.tv_sec;
denominators[num_denominators++] = 1000000000;
goto success;
#endif
}
else {
rb_unexpected_type(clk_id, T_SYMBOL);
}
clock_failed("getres", EINVAL, clk_id);
success:
if (unit == ID2SYM(id_hertz)) {
return timetick2dblnum_reciprocal(&tt, numerators, num_numerators, denominators, num_denominators);
}
else {
return make_clock_result(&tt, numerators, num_numerators, denominators, num_denominators, unit);
}
}
Returns a clock resolution as determined by POSIX function clock_getres():
Process.clock_getres(:CLOCK_REALTIME)
See Process.clock_gettime for the values of clock_id and unit.
Examples:
Process.clock_getres(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :float_microsecond) Process.clock_getres(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :float_millisecond) Process.clock_getres(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :float_second) Process.clock_getres(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :microsecond) Process.clock_getres(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :millisecond) Process.clock_getres(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :nanosecond) Process.clock_getres(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :second)
In addition to the values for unit supported in Process.clock_gettime, this method supports :hertz, the integer number of clock ticks per second (which is the reciprocal of :float_second):
Process.clock_getres(:TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :hertz) Process.clock_getres(:TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :float_second)
Accuracy: Note that the returned resolution may be inaccurate on some platforms due to underlying bugs. Inaccurate resolutions have been reported for various clocks including :CLOCK_MONOTONIC and :CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW on Linux, macOS, BSD or AIX platforms, when using ARM processors, or when using virtualization.
static VALUE
rb_clock_gettime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
{
int ret;
struct timetick tt;
timetick_int_t numerators[2];
timetick_int_t denominators[2];
int num_numerators = 0;
int num_denominators = 0;
VALUE unit = (rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2) == 2) ? argv[1] : Qnil;
VALUE clk_id = argv[0];
#ifdef HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME
clockid_t c;
#endif
if (SYMBOL_P(clk_id)) {
#ifdef CLOCK_REALTIME
if (clk_id == RUBY_CLOCK_REALTIME) {
c = CLOCK_REALTIME;
goto gettime;
}
#endif
#ifdef CLOCK_MONOTONIC
if (clk_id == RUBY_CLOCK_MONOTONIC) {
c = CLOCK_MONOTONIC;
goto gettime;
}
#endif
#ifdef CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
if (clk_id == RUBY_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID) {
c = CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID;
goto gettime;
}
#endif
#ifdef CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
if (clk_id == RUBY_CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID) {
c = CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID;
goto gettime;
}
#endif
/*
* Non-clock_gettime clocks are provided by symbol clk_id.
*/
#ifdef HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY
/*
* GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME is used for
* CLOCK_REALTIME if clock_gettime is not available.
*/
#define RUBY_GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME ID2SYM(id_GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME)
if (clk_id == RUBY_GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME) {
struct timeval tv;
ret = gettimeofday(&tv, 0);
if (ret != 0)
rb_sys_fail("gettimeofday");
tt.giga_count = tv.tv_sec;
tt.count = (int32_t)tv.tv_usec * 1000;
denominators[num_denominators++] = 1000000000;
goto success;
}
#endif
#define RUBY_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME ID2SYM(id_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME)
if (clk_id == RUBY_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME) {
time_t t;
t = time(NULL);
if (t == (time_t)-1)
rb_sys_fail("time");
tt.giga_count = t;
tt.count = 0;
denominators[num_denominators++] = 1000000000;
goto success;
}
#ifdef HAVE_TIMES
#define RUBY_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC \
ID2SYM(id_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
if (clk_id == RUBY_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC) {
struct tms buf;
clock_t c;
unsigned_clock_t uc;
c = times(&buf);
if (c == (clock_t)-1)
rb_sys_fail("times");
uc = (unsigned_clock_t)c;
tt.count = (int32_t)(uc % 1000000000);
tt.giga_count = (uc / 1000000000);
denominators[num_denominators++] = get_clk_tck();
goto success;
}
#endif
#ifdef RUSAGE_SELF
#define RUBY_GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID \
ID2SYM(id_GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID)
if (clk_id == RUBY_GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID) {
struct rusage usage;
int32_t usec;
ret = getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &usage);
if (ret != 0)
rb_sys_fail("getrusage");
tt.giga_count = usage.ru_utime.tv_sec + usage.ru_stime.tv_sec;
usec = (int32_t)(usage.ru_utime.tv_usec + usage.ru_stime.tv_usec);
if (1000000 <= usec) {
tt.giga_count++;
usec -= 1000000;
}
tt.count = usec * 1000;
denominators[num_denominators++] = 1000000000;
goto success;
}
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_TIMES
#define RUBY_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID \
ID2SYM(id_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID)
if (clk_id == RUBY_TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID) {
struct tms buf;
unsigned_clock_t utime, stime;
if (times(&buf) == (clock_t)-1)
rb_sys_fail("times");
utime = (unsigned_clock_t)buf.tms_utime;
stime = (unsigned_clock_t)buf.tms_stime;
tt.count = (int32_t)((utime % 1000000000) + (stime % 1000000000));
tt.giga_count = (utime / 1000000000) + (stime / 1000000000);
if (1000000000 <= tt.count) {
tt.count -= 1000000000;
tt.giga_count++;
}
denominators[num_denominators++] = get_clk_tck();
goto success;
}
#endif
#define RUBY_CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID \
ID2SYM(id_CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID)
if (clk_id == RUBY_CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID) {
clock_t c;
unsigned_clock_t uc;
errno = 0;
c = clock();
if (c == (clock_t)-1)
rb_sys_fail("clock");
uc = (unsigned_clock_t)c;
tt.count = (int32_t)(uc % 1000000000);
tt.giga_count = uc / 1000000000;
denominators[num_denominators++] = CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
goto success;
}
#ifdef __APPLE__
if (clk_id == RUBY_MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC) {
const mach_timebase_info_data_t *info = get_mach_timebase_info();
uint64_t t = mach_absolute_time();
tt.count = (int32_t)(t % 1000000000);
tt.giga_count = t / 1000000000;
numerators[num_numerators++] = info->numer;
denominators[num_denominators++] = info->denom;
denominators[num_denominators++] = 1000000000;
goto success;
}
#endif
}
else if (NUMERIC_CLOCKID) {
#if defined(HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME)
struct timespec ts;
c = NUM2CLOCKID(clk_id);
gettime:
ret = clock_gettime(c, &ts);
if (ret == -1)
clock_failed("gettime", errno, clk_id);
tt.count = (int32_t)ts.tv_nsec;
tt.giga_count = ts.tv_sec;
denominators[num_denominators++] = 1000000000;
goto success;
#endif
}
else {
rb_unexpected_type(clk_id, T_SYMBOL);
}
clock_failed("gettime", EINVAL, clk_id);
success:
return make_clock_result(&tt, numerators, num_numerators, denominators, num_denominators, unit);
}
Returns a clock time as determined by POSIX function clock_gettime():
Process.clock_gettime(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID)
Argument clock_id should be a symbol or a constant that specifies the clock whose time is to be returned; see below.
Optional argument unit should be a symbol that specifies the unit to be used in the returned clock time; see below.
Argument clock_id
Argument clock_id specifies the clock whose time is to be returned; it may be a constant such as Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, or a symbol shorthand such as :CLOCK_REALTIME.
The supported clocks depend on the underlying operating system; this method supports the following clocks on the indicated platforms (raises Errno::EINVAL if called with an unsupported clock):
:CLOCK_BOOTTIME: Linux 2.6.39.
:CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM: Linux 3.0.
:CLOCK_MONOTONIC: SUSv3 to 4, Linux 2.5.63, FreeBSD 3.0, NetBSD 2.0, OpenBSD 3.4, macOS 10.12, Windows-2000.
:CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE: Linux 2.6.32.
:CLOCK_MONOTONIC_FAST: FreeBSD 8.1.
:CLOCK_MONOTONIC_PRECISE: FreeBSD 8.1.
:CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW: Linux 2.6.28, macOS 10.12.
:CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW_APPROX: macOS 10.12.
:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID: SUSv3 to 4, Linux 2.5.63, FreeBSD 9.3, OpenBSD 5.4, macOS 10.12.
:CLOCK_PROF: FreeBSD 3.0, OpenBSD 2.1.
:CLOCK_REALTIME: SUSv2 to 4, Linux 2.5.63, FreeBSD 3.0, NetBSD 2.0, OpenBSD 2.1, macOS 10.12, Windows-8/Server-2012. Time.now is recommended over +:CLOCK_REALTIME:.
:CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM: Linux 3.0.
:CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE: Linux 2.6.32.
:CLOCK_REALTIME_FAST: FreeBSD 8.1.
:CLOCK_REALTIME_PRECISE: FreeBSD 8.1.
:CLOCK_SECOND: FreeBSD 8.1.
:CLOCK_TAI: Linux 3.10.
:CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID: SUSv3 to 4, Linux 2.5.63, FreeBSD 7.1, OpenBSD 5.4, macOS 10.12.
:CLOCK_UPTIME: FreeBSD 7.0, OpenBSD 5.5.
:CLOCK_UPTIME_FAST: FreeBSD 8.1.
:CLOCK_UPTIME_PRECISE: FreeBSD 8.1.
:CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW: macOS 10.12.
:CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW_APPROX: macOS 10.12.
:CLOCK_VIRTUAL: FreeBSD 3.0, OpenBSD 2.1.
Note that SUS stands for Single Unix Specification. SUS contains POSIX and clock_gettime is defined in the POSIX part. SUS defines :CLOCK_REALTIME as mandatory but :CLOCK_MONOTONIC, :CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, and :CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID are optional.
Certain emulations are used when the given clock_id is not supported directly:
Emulations for :CLOCK_REALTIME:
:GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME: Use gettimeofday() defined by SUS (deprecated in SUSv4). The resolution is 1 microsecond.
:TIME_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME: Use time() defined by ISO C. The resolution is 1 second.
Emulations for :CLOCK_MONOTONIC:
:MACH_ABSOLUTE_TIME_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC: Use mach_absolute_time(), available on Darwin. The resolution is CPU dependent.
:TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_MONOTONIC: Use the result value of times() defined by POSIX, thus:
Upon successful completion, times() shall return the elapsed real time, in clock ticks, since an arbitrary point in the past (for example, system start-up time).
For example, GNU/Linux returns a value based on jiffies and it is monotonic. However, 4.4BSD uses gettimeofday() and it is not monotonic. (FreeBSD uses :CLOCK_MONOTONIC instead, though.)
The resolution is the clock tick. âgetconf CLK_TCKâ command shows the clock ticks per second. (The clock ticks-per-second is defined by HZ macro in older systems.) If it is 100 and clock_t is 32 bits integer type, the resolution is 10 millisecond and cannot represent over 497 days.
Emulations for :CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID:
:GETRUSAGE_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID: Use getrusage() defined by SUS. getrusage() is used with RUSAGE_SELF to obtain the time only for the calling process (excluding the time for child processes). The result is addition of user time (ru_utime) and system time (ru_stime). The resolution is 1 microsecond.
:TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID: Use times() defined by POSIX. The result is addition of user time (tms_utime) and system time (tms_stime). tms_cutime and tms_cstime are ignored to exclude the time for child processes. The resolution is the clock tick. âgetconf CLK_TCKâ command shows the clock ticks per second. (The clock ticks per second is defined by HZ macro in older systems.) If it is 100, the resolution is 10 millisecond.
:CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID: Use clock() defined by ISO C. The resolution is 1/CLOCKS_PER_SEC. CLOCKS_PER_SEC is the C-level macro defined by time.h. SUS defines CLOCKS_PER_SEC as 1000000; other systems may define it differently. If CLOCKS_PER_SEC is 1000000 (as in SUS), the resolution is 1 microsecond. If CLOCKS_PER_SEC is 1000000 and clock_t is a 32-bit integer type, it cannot represent over 72 minutes.
Argument unit
Optional argument unit (default :float_second) specifies the unit for the returned value.
:float_microsecond: Number of microseconds as a float.
:float_millisecond: Number of milliseconds as a float.
:float_second: Number of seconds as a float.
:microsecond: Number of microseconds as an integer.
:millisecond: Number of milliseconds as an integer.
:nanosecond: Number of nanoseconds as an integer.
::second: Number of seconds as an integer.
Examples:
Process.clock_gettime(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :float_microsecond) Process.clock_gettime(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :float_millisecond) Process.clock_gettime(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :float_second) Process.clock_gettime(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :microsecond) Process.clock_gettime(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :millisecond) Process.clock_gettime(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :nanosecond) Process.clock_gettime(:CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :second)
The underlying function, clock_gettime(), returns a number of nanoseconds. Float object (IEEE 754 double) is not enough to represent the return value for :CLOCK_REALTIME. If the exact nanoseconds value is required, use :nanosecond as the unit.
The origin (time zero) of the returned value is system-dependent, and may be, for example, system start up time, process start up time, the Epoch, etc.
The origin in :CLOCK_REALTIME is defined as the Epoch: 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC; some systems count leap seconds and others donât, so the result may vary across systems.
static VALUE
proc_daemon(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
{
int n, nochdir = FALSE, noclose = FALSE;
switch (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 2)) {
case 2: noclose = TO_BOOL(argv[1], "noclose");
case 1: nochdir = TO_BOOL(argv[0], "nochdir");
}
prefork();
n = rb_daemon(nochdir, noclose);
if (n < 0) rb_sys_fail("daemon");
return INT2FIX(n);
}
Detaches the current process from its controlling terminal and runs it in the background as system daemon; returns zero.
By default:
Changes the current working directory to the root directory.
Redirects $stdin, $stdout, and $stderr to the null device.
If optional argument nochdir is true, does not change the current working directory.
If optional argument noclose is true, does not redirect $stdin, $stdout, or $stderr.
static VALUE
proc_detach(VALUE obj, VALUE pid)
{
return rb_detach_process(NUM2PIDT(pid));
}
Avoids the potential for a child process to become a zombie process. Process.detach prevents this by setting up a separate Ruby thread whose sole job is to reap the status of the process pid when it terminates.
This method is needed only when the parent process will never wait for the child process.
This example does not reap the second child process; that process appears as a zombie in the process status (ps) output:
pid = Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 13')
sleep(1)
system("ps -ho pid,state -p #{pid}")
Output:
312716 Z
This example also does not reap the second child process, but it does detach the process so that it does not become a zombie:
pid = Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 13')
thread = Process.detach(pid)
sleep(1)
system("ps -ho pid,state -p #{pid}")
The waiting thread can return the pid of the detached child process:
thread.join.pidSource
static VALUE
proc_getegid(VALUE obj)
{
rb_gid_t egid = getegid();
return GIDT2NUM(egid);
}
Returns the effective group ID for the current process:
Process.egid
Not available on all platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_setegid(VALUE obj, VALUE egid)
{
#if defined(HAVE_SETRESGID) || defined(HAVE_SETREGID) || defined(HAVE_SETEGID) || defined(HAVE_SETGID)
rb_gid_t gid;
#endif
check_gid_switch();
#if defined(HAVE_SETRESGID) || defined(HAVE_SETREGID) || defined(HAVE_SETEGID) || defined(HAVE_SETGID)
gid = OBJ2GID(egid);
#endif
#if defined(HAVE_SETRESGID)
if (setresgid(-1, gid, -1) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
#elif defined HAVE_SETREGID
if (setregid(-1, gid) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
#elif defined HAVE_SETEGID
if (setegid(gid) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
#elif defined HAVE_SETGID
if (gid == getgid()) {
if (setgid(gid) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
}
else {
rb_notimplement();
}
#else
rb_notimplement();
#endif
return egid;
}
Sets the effective group ID for the current process.
Not available on all platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_geteuid(VALUE obj)
{
rb_uid_t euid = geteuid();
return UIDT2NUM(euid);
}
Returns the effective user ID for the current process.
Process.euidSource
static VALUE
proc_seteuid_m(VALUE mod, VALUE euid)
{
check_uid_switch();
proc_seteuid(OBJ2UID(euid));
return euid;
}
Sets the effective user ID for the current process.
Not available on all platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
f_exec(int c, const VALUE *a, VALUE _)
{
rb_f_exec(c, a);
UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
}
Replaces the current process by doing one of the following:
Passing string command_line to the shell.
Invoking the executable at exe_path.
This method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input; see Command Injection.
The new process is created using the exec system call; it may inherit some of its environment from the calling program (possibly including open file descriptors).
Argument env, if given, is a hash that affects ENV for the new process; see Execution Environment.
Argument options is a hash of options for the new process; see Execution Options.
The first required argument is one of the following:
command_line if it is a string, and if it begins with a shell reserved word or special built-in, or if it contains one or more meta characters.
exe_path otherwise.
Argument command_line
String argument command_line is a command line to be passed to a shell; it must begin with a shell reserved word, begin with a special built-in, or contain meta characters:
exec('if true; then echo "Foo"; fi')
exec('exit')
exec('date > date.tmp')
The command line may also contain arguments and options for the command:
exec('echo "Foo"')
Output:
Foo
See Execution Shell for details about the shell.
Raises an exception if the new process could not execute.
Argument exe_path
Argument exe_path is one of the following:
The string path to an executable to be called.
A 2-element array containing the path to an executable and the string to be used as the name of the executing process.
Example:
exec('/usr/bin/date')
Output:
Sat Aug 26 09:38:00 AM CDT 2023
Ruby invokes the executable directly. This form does not use the shell; see Arguments args for caveats.
exec('doesnt_exist')
If one or more args is given, each is an argument or option to be passed to the executable:
exec('echo', 'C*')
exec('echo', 'hello', 'world')
Output:
C* hello world
Raises an exception if the new process could not execute.
Sourcestatic VALUE
f_exit(int c, const VALUE *a, VALUE _)
{
rb_f_exit(c, a);
UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
}
Initiates termination of the Ruby script by raising SystemExit; the exception may be caught. Returns exit status status to the underlying operating system.
Values true and false for argument status indicate, respectively, success and failure; The meanings of integer values are system-dependent.
Example:
begin exit puts 'Never get here.' rescue SystemExit puts 'Rescued a SystemExit exception.' end puts 'After begin block.'
Output:
Rescued a SystemExit exception. After begin block.
Just prior to final termination, Ruby executes any at-exit procedures (see Kernel::at_exit) and any object finalizers (see ObjectSpace::define_finalizer).
Example:
at_exit { puts 'In at_exit function.' }
ObjectSpace.define_finalizer('string', proc { puts 'In finalizer.' })
exit
Output:
In at_exit function. In finalizer.Source
static VALUE
rb_f_exit_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
{
int istatus;
if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 1) {
istatus = exit_status_code(argv[0]);
}
else {
istatus = EXIT_FAILURE;
}
_exit(istatus);
UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
}
Exits the process immediately; no exit handlers are called. Returns exit status status to the underlying operating system.
Process.exit!(true)
Values true and false for argument status indicate, respectively, success and failure; The meanings of integer values are system-dependent.
static VALUE
rb_f_fork(VALUE obj)
{
rb_pid_t pid;
pid = rb_call_proc__fork();
if (pid == 0) {
if (rb_block_given_p()) {
int status;
rb_protect(rb_yield, Qundef, &status);
ruby_stop(status);
}
return Qnil;
}
return PIDT2NUM(pid);
}
Creates a child process.
With a block given, runs the block in the child process; on block exit, the child terminates with a status of zero:
puts "Before the fork: #{Process.pid}"
fork do
puts "In the child process: #{Process.pid}"
end
puts "After the fork: #{Process.pid}"
Output:
Before the fork: 420496 After the fork: 420496 In the child process: 420520
With no block given, the fork call returns twice:
Once in the parent process, returning the pid of the child process.
Once in the child process, returning nil.
Example:
puts "This is the first line before the fork (pid #{Process.pid})"
puts fork
puts "This is the second line after the fork (pid #{Process.pid})"
Output:
This is the first line before the fork (pid 420199) 420223 This is the second line after the fork (pid 420199) This is the second line after the fork (pid 420223)
In either case, the child process may exit using Kernel.exit! to avoid the call to Kernel#at_exit.
To avoid zombie processes, the parent process should call either:
Process.wait, to collect the termination statuses of its children.
Process.detach, to register disinterest in their status.
The thread calling fork is the only thread in the created child process; fork doesnât copy other threads.
Note that method fork is available on some platforms, but not on others:
Process.respond_to?(:fork)
If not, you may use ::spawn instead of fork.
static VALUE
proc_getpgid(VALUE obj, VALUE pid)
{
rb_pid_t i;
i = getpgid(NUM2PIDT(pid));
if (i < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
return PIDT2NUM(i);
}
Returns the process group ID for the given process ID +pid+: Process.getpgid(Process.ppid) # => 25527
Not available on all platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_getpgrp(VALUE _)
{
rb_pid_t pgrp;
#if defined(HAVE_GETPGRP) && defined(GETPGRP_VOID)
pgrp = getpgrp();
if (pgrp < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
return PIDT2NUM(pgrp);
#else /* defined(HAVE_GETPGID) */
pgrp = getpgid(0);
if (pgrp < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
return PIDT2NUM(pgrp);
#endif
}
Returns the process group ID for the current process:
Process.getpgid(0) Process.getpgrpSource
static VALUE
proc_getpriority(VALUE obj, VALUE which, VALUE who)
{
int prio, iwhich, iwho;
iwhich = NUM2INT(which);
iwho = NUM2INT(who);
errno = 0;
prio = getpriority(iwhich, iwho);
if (errno) rb_sys_fail(0);
return INT2FIX(prio);
}
Returns the scheduling priority for specified process, process group, or user.
Argument kind is one of:
Process::PRIO_PROCESS: return priority for process.
Process::PRIO_PGRP: return priority for process group.
Process::PRIO_USER: return priority for user.
Argument id is the ID for the process, process group, or user; zero specified the current ID for kind.
Examples:
Process.getpriority(Process::PRIO_USER, 0) Process.getpriority(Process::PRIO_PROCESS, 0)
Not available on all platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_getrlimit(VALUE obj, VALUE resource)
{
struct rlimit rlim;
if (getrlimit(rlimit_resource_type(resource), &rlim) < 0) {
rb_sys_fail("getrlimit");
}
return rb_assoc_new(RLIM2NUM(rlim.rlim_cur), RLIM2NUM(rlim.rlim_max));
}
Returns a 2-element array of the current (soft) limit and maximum (hard) limit for the given resource.
Argument resource specifies the resource whose limits are to be returned; see Process.setrlimit.
Each of the returned values cur_limit and max_limit is an integer; see Process.setrlimit.
Example:
Process.getrlimit(:CORE)
See Process.setrlimit.
Not available on all platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_getsid(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
{
rb_pid_t sid;
rb_pid_t pid = 0;
if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 1 && !NIL_P(argv[0]))
pid = NUM2PIDT(argv[0]);
sid = getsid(pid);
if (sid < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
return PIDT2NUM(sid);
}
Returns the session ID of the given process ID pid, or of the current process if not given:
Process.getsid Process.getsid(0) Process.getsid(Process.pid())
Not available on all platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_getgid(VALUE obj)
{
rb_gid_t gid = getgid();
return GIDT2NUM(gid);
}
Returns the (real) group ID for the current process:
Process.gidSource
static VALUE
proc_setgid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
{
rb_gid_t gid;
check_gid_switch();
gid = OBJ2GID(id);
#if defined(HAVE_SETRESGID)
if (setresgid(gid, -1, -1) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
#elif defined HAVE_SETREGID
if (setregid(gid, -1) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
#elif defined HAVE_SETRGID
if (setrgid(gid) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
#elif defined HAVE_SETGID
{
if (getegid() == gid) {
if (setgid(gid) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
}
else {
rb_notimplement();
}
}
#endif
return GIDT2NUM(gid);
}
Sets the group ID for the current process to new_gid:
Process.gid = 1000Source
static VALUE
proc_getgroups(VALUE obj)
{
VALUE ary, tmp;
int i, ngroups;
rb_gid_t *groups;
ngroups = getgroups(0, NULL);
if (ngroups == -1)
rb_sys_fail(0);
groups = ALLOCV_N(rb_gid_t, tmp, ngroups);
ngroups = getgroups(ngroups, groups);
if (ngroups == -1)
rb_sys_fail(0);
ary = rb_ary_new();
for (i = 0; i < ngroups; i++)
rb_ary_push(ary, GIDT2NUM(groups[i]));
ALLOCV_END(tmp);
return ary;
}
Returns an array of the group IDs in the supplemental group access list for the current process:
Process.groups
These properties of the returned array are system-dependent:
Whether (and how) the array is sorted.
Whether the array includes effective group IDs.
Whether the array includes duplicate group IDs.
Whether the array size exceeds the value of Process.maxgroups.
Use this call to get a sorted and unique array:
Process.groups.uniq.sortSource
static VALUE
proc_setgroups(VALUE obj, VALUE ary)
{
int ngroups, i;
rb_gid_t *groups;
VALUE tmp;
PREPARE_GETGRNAM;
Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
ngroups = RARRAY_LENINT(ary);
if (ngroups > maxgroups())
rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many groups, %d max", maxgroups());
groups = ALLOCV_N(rb_gid_t, tmp, ngroups);
for (i = 0; i < ngroups; i++) {
VALUE g = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
groups[i] = OBJ2GID1(g);
}
FINISH_GETGRNAM;
if (setgroups(ngroups, groups) == -1) /* ngroups <= maxgroups */
rb_sys_fail(0);
ALLOCV_END(tmp);
return proc_getgroups(obj);
}
Sets the supplemental group access list to the given array of group IDs.
Process.groups Process.groups = [27, 6, 10, 11] Process.groupsSource
static VALUE
proc_initgroups(VALUE obj, VALUE uname, VALUE base_grp)
{
if (initgroups(StringValueCStr(uname), OBJ2GID(base_grp)) != 0) {
rb_sys_fail(0);
}
return proc_getgroups(obj);
}
Sets the supplemental group access list; the new list includes:
The group IDs of those groups to which the user given by username belongs.
The group ID gid.
Example:
Process.groups
Process.initgroups('me', 30)
Process.groups
Not available on all platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_rb_f_kill(int c, const VALUE *v, VALUE _)
{
return rb_f_kill(c, v);
}
Sends a signal to each process specified by ids (which must specify at least one ID); returns the count of signals sent.
For each given id, if id is:
Positive, sends the signal to the process whose process ID is id.
Zero, send the signal to all processes in the current process group.
Negative, sends the signal to a system-dependent collection of processes.
Argument signal specifies the signal to be sent; the argument may be:
An integer signal number: e.g., -29, 0, 29.
A signal name (string), with or without leading 'SIG', and with or without a further prefixed minus sign ('-'): e.g.:
'SIGPOLL'.
'POLL',
'-SIGPOLL'.
'-POLL'.
A signal symbol, with or without leading 'SIG', and with or without a further prefixed minus sign ('-'): e.g.:
:SIGPOLL.
:POLL.
:'-SIGPOLL'.
:'-POLL'.
If signal is:
A non-negative integer, or a signal name or symbol without prefixed '-', each process with process ID id is signalled.
A negative integer, or a signal name or symbol with prefixed '-', each process group with group ID id is signalled.
Use method Signal.list to see which signals are supported by Ruby on the underlying platform; the method returns a hash of the string names and non-negative integer values of the supported signals. The size and content of the returned hash varies widely among platforms.
Additionally, signal 0 is useful to determine if the process exists.
Example:
pid = fork do
Signal.trap('HUP') { puts 'Ouch!'; exit }
end
Process.kill('HUP', pid)
Process.wait
Output:
Ouch!
Exceptions:
Raises Errno::EINVAL or RangeError if signal is an integer but invalid.
Raises ArgumentError if signal is a string or symbol but invalid.
Raises Errno::ESRCH or RangeError if one of ids is invalid.
Raises Errno::EPERM if needed permissions are not in force.
In the last two cases, signals may have been sent to some processes.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_s_last_status(VALUE mod)
{
return rb_last_status_get();
}
Returns a Process::Status object representing the most recently exited child process in the current thread, or nil if none:
Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 13')
Process.wait
Process.last_status
Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 14')
Process.wait
Process.last_status
Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 15')
Process.last_status
Process.wait
Process.last_status
Source
static VALUE
proc_getmaxgroups(VALUE obj)
{
return INT2FIX(maxgroups());
}
Returns the maximum number of group IDs allowed in the supplemental group access list:
Process.maxgroupsSource
static VALUE
proc_setmaxgroups(VALUE obj, VALUE val)
{
int ngroups = FIX2INT(val);
int ngroups_max = get_sc_ngroups_max();
if (ngroups <= 0)
rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "maxgroups %d should be positive", ngroups);
if (ngroups > RB_MAX_GROUPS)
ngroups = RB_MAX_GROUPS;
if (ngroups_max > 0 && ngroups > ngroups_max)
ngroups = ngroups_max;
_maxgroups = ngroups;
return INT2FIX(_maxgroups);
}
Sets the maximum number of group IDs allowed in the supplemental group access list.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_get_pid(VALUE _)
{
return get_pid();
}
Returns the process ID of the current process:
Process.pidSource
static VALUE
proc_get_ppid(VALUE _)
{
return get_ppid();
}
Returns the process ID of the parent of the current process:
puts "Pid is #{Process.pid}."
fork { puts "Parent pid is #{Process.ppid}." }
Output:
Pid is 271290. Parent pid is 271290.
May not return a trustworthy value on certain platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_setpgid(VALUE obj, VALUE pid, VALUE pgrp)
{
rb_pid_t ipid, ipgrp;
ipid = NUM2PIDT(pid);
ipgrp = NUM2PIDT(pgrp);
if (setpgid(ipid, ipgrp) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
return INT2FIX(0);
}
Sets the process group ID for the process given by process ID pid to pgid.
Not available on all platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_setpgrp(VALUE _)
{
/* check for posix setpgid() first; this matches the posix */
/* getpgrp() above. It appears that configure will set SETPGRP_VOID */
/* even though setpgrp(0,0) would be preferred. The posix call avoids */
/* this confusion. */
#ifdef HAVE_SETPGID
if (setpgid(0,0) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
#elif defined(HAVE_SETPGRP) && defined(SETPGRP_VOID)
if (setpgrp() < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
#endif
return INT2FIX(0);
}
Equivalent to setpgid(0, 0).
Not available on all platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_setpriority(VALUE obj, VALUE which, VALUE who, VALUE prio)
{
int iwhich, iwho, iprio;
iwhich = NUM2INT(which);
iwho = NUM2INT(who);
iprio = NUM2INT(prio);
if (setpriority(iwhich, iwho, iprio) < 0)
rb_sys_fail(0);
return INT2FIX(0);
}
See Process.getpriority.
Examples:
Process.setpriority(Process::PRIO_USER, 0, 19) Process.setpriority(Process::PRIO_PROCESS, 0, 19) Process.getpriority(Process::PRIO_USER, 0) Process.getpriority(Process::PRIO_PROCESS, 0)
Not available on all platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_setproctitle(VALUE process, VALUE title)
{
return ruby_setproctitle(title);
}
Sets the process title that appears on the ps(1) command. Not necessarily effective on all platforms. No exception will be raised regardless of the result, nor will NotImplementedError be raised even if the platform does not support the feature.
Calling this method does not affect the value of $0.
Process.setproctitle('myapp: worker #%d' % worker_id)
This method first appeared in Ruby 2.1 to serve as a global variable free means to change the process title.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_setrlimit(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
{
VALUE resource, rlim_cur, rlim_max;
struct rlimit rlim;
rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 3);
resource = argv[0];
rlim_cur = argv[1];
if (argc < 3 || NIL_P(rlim_max = argv[2]))
rlim_max = rlim_cur;
rlim.rlim_cur = rlimit_resource_value(rlim_cur);
rlim.rlim_max = rlimit_resource_value(rlim_max);
if (setrlimit(rlimit_resource_type(resource), &rlim) < 0) {
rb_sys_fail("setrlimit");
}
return Qnil;
}
Sets limits for the current process for the given resource to cur_limit (soft limit) and max_limit (hard limit); returns nil.
Argument resource specifies the resource whose limits are to be set; the argument may be given as a symbol, as a string, or as a constant beginning with Process::RLIMIT_ (e.g., :CORE, 'CORE', or Process::RLIMIT_CORE.
The resources available and supported are system-dependent, and may include (here expressed as symbols):
:AS: Total available memory (bytes) (SUSv3, NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD except 4.4BSD-Lite).
:CORE: Core size (bytes) (SUSv3).
:CPU: CPU time (seconds) (SUSv3).
:DATA: Data segment (bytes) (SUSv3).
:FSIZE: File size (bytes) (SUSv3).
:MEMLOCK: Total size for mlock(2) (bytes) (4.4BSD, GNU/Linux).
:MSGQUEUE: Allocation for POSIX message queues (bytes) (GNU/Linux).
:NICE: Ceiling on processâs nice(2) value (number) (GNU/Linux).
:NOFILE: File descriptors (number) (SUSv3).
:NPROC: Number of processes for the user (number) (4.4BSD, GNU/Linux).
:NPTS: Number of pseudo terminals (number) (FreeBSD).
:RSS: Resident memory size (bytes) (4.2BSD, GNU/Linux).
:RTPRIO: Ceiling on the processâs real-time priority (number) (GNU/Linux).
:RTTIME: CPU time for real-time process (us) (GNU/Linux).
:SBSIZE: All socket buffers (bytes) (NetBSD, FreeBSD).
:SIGPENDING: Number of queued signals allowed (signals) (GNU/Linux).
:STACK: Stack size (bytes) (SUSv3).
Arguments cur_limit and max_limit may be:
Integers (max_limit should not be smaller than cur_limit).
Symbol :SAVED_MAX, string 'SAVED_MAX', or constant Process::RLIM_SAVED_MAX: saved maximum limit.
Symbol :SAVED_CUR, string 'SAVED_CUR', or constant Process::RLIM_SAVED_CUR: saved current limit.
Symbol :INFINITY, string 'INFINITY', or constant Process::RLIM_INFINITY: no limit on resource.
This example raises the soft limit of core size to the hard limit to try to make core dump possible:
Process.setrlimit(:CORE, Process.getrlimit(:CORE)[1])
Not available on all platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_setsid(VALUE _)
{
rb_pid_t pid;
pid = setsid();
if (pid < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
return PIDT2NUM(pid);
}
Establishes the current process as a new session and process group leader, with no controlling tty; returns the session ID:
Process.setsid
Not available on all platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
rb_f_spawn(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
{
rb_pid_t pid;
char errmsg[CHILD_ERRMSG_BUFLEN] = { '\0' };
VALUE execarg_obj, fail_str;
struct rb_execarg *eargp;
execarg_obj = rb_execarg_new(argc, argv, TRUE, FALSE);
eargp = rb_execarg_get(execarg_obj);
fail_str = eargp->use_shell ? eargp->invoke.sh.shell_script : eargp->invoke.cmd.command_name;
pid = rb_execarg_spawn(execarg_obj, errmsg, sizeof(errmsg));
if (pid == -1) {
int err = errno;
rb_exec_fail(eargp, err, errmsg);
RB_GC_GUARD(execarg_obj);
rb_syserr_fail_str(err, fail_str);
}
#if defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK) || defined(HAVE_SPAWNV)
return PIDT2NUM(pid);
#else
return Qnil;
#endif
}
Creates a new child process by doing one of the following in that process:
Passing string command_line to the shell.
Invoking the executable at exe_path.
This method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input; see Command Injection.
Returns the process ID (pid) of the new process, without waiting for it to complete.
To avoid zombie processes, the parent process should call either:
Process.wait, to collect the termination statuses of its children.
Process.detach, to register disinterest in their status.
The new process is created using the exec system call; it may inherit some of its environment from the calling program (possibly including open file descriptors).
Argument env, if given, is a hash that affects ENV for the new process; see Execution Environment.
Argument options is a hash of options for the new process; see Execution Options.
The first required argument is one of the following:
command_line if it is a string, and if it begins with a shell reserved word or special built-in, or if it contains one or more meta characters.
exe_path otherwise.
Argument command_line
String argument command_line is a command line to be passed to a shell; it must begin with a shell reserved word, begin with a special built-in, or contain meta characters:
spawn('if true; then echo "Foo"; fi')
Process.wait
spawn('exit')
Process.wait
spawn('date > /tmp/date.tmp')
Process.wait
spawn('date > /nop/date.tmp')
Process.wait
The command line may also contain arguments and options for the command:
spawn('echo "Foo"')
Process.wait
Output:
Foo
See Execution Shell for details about the shell.
Raises an exception if the new process could not execute.
Argument exe_path
Argument exe_path is one of the following:
The string path to an executable to be called.
A 2-element array containing the path to an executable to be called, and the string to be used as the name of the executing process.
spawn('/usr/bin/date')
Process.wait
Output:
Mon Aug 28 11:43:10 AM CDT 2023
Ruby invokes the executable directly. This form does not use the shell; see Arguments args for caveats.
If one or more args is given, each is an argument or option to be passed to the executable:
spawn('echo', 'C*')
Process.wait
spawn('echo', 'hello', 'world')
Process.wait
Output:
C* hello world
Raises an exception if the new process could not execute.
SourceVALUE
rb_proc_times(VALUE obj)
{
VALUE utime, stime, cutime, cstime, ret;
#if defined(RUSAGE_SELF) && defined(RUSAGE_CHILDREN)
struct rusage usage_s, usage_c;
if (getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &usage_s) != 0 || getrusage(RUSAGE_CHILDREN, &usage_c) != 0)
rb_sys_fail("getrusage");
utime = DBL2NUM((double)usage_s.ru_utime.tv_sec + (double)usage_s.ru_utime.tv_usec/1e6);
stime = DBL2NUM((double)usage_s.ru_stime.tv_sec + (double)usage_s.ru_stime.tv_usec/1e6);
cutime = DBL2NUM((double)usage_c.ru_utime.tv_sec + (double)usage_c.ru_utime.tv_usec/1e6);
cstime = DBL2NUM((double)usage_c.ru_stime.tv_sec + (double)usage_c.ru_stime.tv_usec/1e6);
#else
const double hertz = (double)get_clk_tck();
struct tms buf;
times(&buf);
utime = DBL2NUM(buf.tms_utime / hertz);
stime = DBL2NUM(buf.tms_stime / hertz);
cutime = DBL2NUM(buf.tms_cutime / hertz);
cstime = DBL2NUM(buf.tms_cstime / hertz);
#endif
ret = rb_struct_new(rb_cProcessTms, utime, stime, cutime, cstime);
RB_GC_GUARD(utime);
RB_GC_GUARD(stime);
RB_GC_GUARD(cutime);
RB_GC_GUARD(cstime);
return ret;
}
Returns a Process::Tms structure that contains user and system CPU times for the current process, and for its children processes:
Process.times
The precision is platform-defined.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_getuid(VALUE obj)
{
rb_uid_t uid = getuid();
return UIDT2NUM(uid);
}
Returns the (real) user ID of the current process.
Process.uidSource
static VALUE
proc_setuid(VALUE obj, VALUE id)
{
rb_uid_t uid;
check_uid_switch();
uid = OBJ2UID(id);
#if defined(HAVE_SETRESUID)
if (setresuid(uid, -1, -1) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
#elif defined HAVE_SETREUID
if (setreuid(uid, -1) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
#elif defined HAVE_SETRUID
if (setruid(uid) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
#elif defined HAVE_SETUID
{
if (geteuid() == uid) {
if (setuid(uid) < 0) rb_sys_fail(0);
}
else {
rb_notimplement();
}
}
#endif
return id;
}
Sets the (user) user ID for the current process to new_uid:
Process.uid = 1000
Not available on all platforms.
Sourcestatic VALUE
proc_m_wait(int c, VALUE *v, VALUE _)
{
return proc_wait(c, v);
}
Waits for a suitable child process to exit, returns its process ID, and sets $? to a Process::Status object containing information on that process. Which child it waits for depends on the value of the given pid:
Positive integer: Waits for the child process whose process ID is pid:
pid0 = Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 13')
pid1 = Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 14')
Process.wait(pid0)
$?
Process.wait(pid1)
$?
Process.wait(pid0)
0: Waits for any child process whose group ID is the same as that of the current process:
parent_pgpid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Parent process group ID is #{parent_pgpid}."
child0_pid = fork do
puts "Child 0 pid is #{Process.pid}"
child0_pgid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Child 0 process group ID is #{child0_pgid} (same as parent's)."
end
child1_pid = fork do
puts "Child 1 pid is #{Process.pid}"
Process.setpgid(0, Process.pid)
child1_pgid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Child 1 process group ID is #{child1_pgid} (different from parent's)."
end
retrieved_pid = Process.wait(0)
puts "Process.wait(0) returned pid #{retrieved_pid}, which is child 0 pid."
begin
Process.wait(0)
rescue Errno::ECHILD => x
puts "Raised #{x.class}, because child 1 process group ID differs from parent process group ID."
end
Output:
Parent process group ID is 225764. Child 0 pid is 225788 Child 0 process group ID is 225764 (same as parent's). Child 1 pid is 225789 Child 1 process group ID is 225789 (different from parent's). Process.wait(0) returned pid 225788, which is child 0 pid. Raised Errno::ECHILD, because child 1 process group ID differs from parent process group ID.
-1 (default): Waits for any child process:
parent_pgpid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Parent process group ID is #{parent_pgpid}."
child0_pid = fork do
puts "Child 0 pid is #{Process.pid}"
child0_pgid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Child 0 process group ID is #{child0_pgid} (same as parent's)."
end
child1_pid = fork do
puts "Child 1 pid is #{Process.pid}"
Process.setpgid(0, Process.pid)
child1_pgid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Child 1 process group ID is #{child1_pgid} (different from parent's)."
sleep 3
end
child_pids = [child0_pid, child1_pid]
retrieved_pid = Process.wait(-1)
puts child_pids.include?(retrieved_pid)
retrieved_pid = Process.wait(-1)
puts child_pids.include?(retrieved_pid)
Output:
Parent process group ID is 228736. Child 0 pid is 228758 Child 0 process group ID is 228736 (same as parent's). Child 1 pid is 228759 Child 1 process group ID is 228759 (different from parent's). true true
Less than -1: Waits for any child whose process group ID is -pid:
parent_pgpid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Parent process group ID is #{parent_pgpid}."
child0_pid = fork do
puts "Child 0 pid is #{Process.pid}"
child0_pgid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Child 0 process group ID is #{child0_pgid} (same as parent's)."
end
child1_pid = fork do
puts "Child 1 pid is #{Process.pid}"
Process.setpgid(0, Process.pid)
child1_pgid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Child 1 process group ID is #{child1_pgid} (different from parent's)."
end
sleep 1
retrieved_pid = Process.wait(-child1_pid)
puts "Process.wait(-child1_pid) returned pid #{retrieved_pid}, which is child 1 pid."
begin
Process.wait(-child1_pid)
rescue Errno::ECHILD => x
puts "Raised #{x.class}, because there's no longer a child with process group id #{child1_pid}."
end
Output:
Parent process group ID is 230083. Child 0 pid is 230108 Child 0 process group ID is 230083 (same as parent's). Child 1 pid is 230109 Child 1 process group ID is 230109 (different from parent's). Process.wait(-child1_pid) returned pid 230109, which is child 1 pid. Raised Errno::ECHILD, because there's no longer a child with process group id 230109.
Argument flags should be given as one of the following constants, or as the logical OR of both:
Process::WNOHANG: Does not block if no child process is available.
Process::WUNTRACED: May return a stopped child process, even if not yet reported.
Not all flags are available on all platforms.
Raises Errno::ECHILD if there is no suitable child process.
Not available on all platforms.
Process.waitpid is an alias for Process.wait.
static VALUE
proc_wait2(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
{
VALUE pid = proc_wait(argc, argv);
if (NIL_P(pid)) return Qnil;
return rb_assoc_new(pid, rb_last_status_get());
}
Like Process.waitpid, but returns an array containing the child process pid and Process::Status status:
pid = Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 13')
Process.wait2(pid)
Process.waitpid2 is an alias for Process.wait2.
static VALUE
proc_waitall(VALUE _)
{
VALUE result;
rb_pid_t pid;
int status;
result = rb_ary_new();
rb_last_status_clear();
for (pid = -1;;) {
pid = rb_waitpid(-1, &status, 0);
if (pid == -1) {
int e = errno;
if (e == ECHILD)
break;
rb_syserr_fail(e, 0);
}
rb_ary_push(result, rb_assoc_new(PIDT2NUM(pid), rb_last_status_get()));
}
return result;
}
Waits for all children, returns an array of 2-element arrays; each subarray contains the integer pid and Process::Status status for one of the reaped child processes:
pid0 = Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 13')
pid1 = Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 14')
Process.waitall
Source
static VALUE
proc_m_wait(int c, VALUE *v, VALUE _)
{
return proc_wait(c, v);
}
Waits for a suitable child process to exit, returns its process ID, and sets $? to a Process::Status object containing information on that process. Which child it waits for depends on the value of the given pid:
Positive integer: Waits for the child process whose process ID is pid:
pid0 = Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 13')
pid1 = Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 14')
Process.wait(pid0)
$?
Process.wait(pid1)
$?
Process.wait(pid0)
0: Waits for any child process whose group ID is the same as that of the current process:
parent_pgpid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Parent process group ID is #{parent_pgpid}."
child0_pid = fork do
puts "Child 0 pid is #{Process.pid}"
child0_pgid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Child 0 process group ID is #{child0_pgid} (same as parent's)."
end
child1_pid = fork do
puts "Child 1 pid is #{Process.pid}"
Process.setpgid(0, Process.pid)
child1_pgid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Child 1 process group ID is #{child1_pgid} (different from parent's)."
end
retrieved_pid = Process.wait(0)
puts "Process.wait(0) returned pid #{retrieved_pid}, which is child 0 pid."
begin
Process.wait(0)
rescue Errno::ECHILD => x
puts "Raised #{x.class}, because child 1 process group ID differs from parent process group ID."
end
Output:
Parent process group ID is 225764. Child 0 pid is 225788 Child 0 process group ID is 225764 (same as parent's). Child 1 pid is 225789 Child 1 process group ID is 225789 (different from parent's). Process.wait(0) returned pid 225788, which is child 0 pid. Raised Errno::ECHILD, because child 1 process group ID differs from parent process group ID.
-1 (default): Waits for any child process:
parent_pgpid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Parent process group ID is #{parent_pgpid}."
child0_pid = fork do
puts "Child 0 pid is #{Process.pid}"
child0_pgid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Child 0 process group ID is #{child0_pgid} (same as parent's)."
end
child1_pid = fork do
puts "Child 1 pid is #{Process.pid}"
Process.setpgid(0, Process.pid)
child1_pgid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Child 1 process group ID is #{child1_pgid} (different from parent's)."
sleep 3
end
child_pids = [child0_pid, child1_pid]
retrieved_pid = Process.wait(-1)
puts child_pids.include?(retrieved_pid)
retrieved_pid = Process.wait(-1)
puts child_pids.include?(retrieved_pid)
Output:
Parent process group ID is 228736. Child 0 pid is 228758 Child 0 process group ID is 228736 (same as parent's). Child 1 pid is 228759 Child 1 process group ID is 228759 (different from parent's). true true
Less than -1: Waits for any child whose process group ID is -pid:
parent_pgpid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Parent process group ID is #{parent_pgpid}."
child0_pid = fork do
puts "Child 0 pid is #{Process.pid}"
child0_pgid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Child 0 process group ID is #{child0_pgid} (same as parent's)."
end
child1_pid = fork do
puts "Child 1 pid is #{Process.pid}"
Process.setpgid(0, Process.pid)
child1_pgid = Process.getpgid(Process.pid)
puts "Child 1 process group ID is #{child1_pgid} (different from parent's)."
end
sleep 1
retrieved_pid = Process.wait(-child1_pid)
puts "Process.wait(-child1_pid) returned pid #{retrieved_pid}, which is child 1 pid."
begin
Process.wait(-child1_pid)
rescue Errno::ECHILD => x
puts "Raised #{x.class}, because there's no longer a child with process group id #{child1_pid}."
end
Output:
Parent process group ID is 230083. Child 0 pid is 230108 Child 0 process group ID is 230083 (same as parent's). Child 1 pid is 230109 Child 1 process group ID is 230109 (different from parent's). Process.wait(-child1_pid) returned pid 230109, which is child 1 pid. Raised Errno::ECHILD, because there's no longer a child with process group id 230109.
Argument flags should be given as one of the following constants, or as the logical OR of both:
Process::WNOHANG: Does not block if no child process is available.
Process::WUNTRACED: May return a stopped child process, even if not yet reported.
Not all flags are available on all platforms.
Raises Errno::ECHILD if there is no suitable child process.
Not available on all platforms.
Process.waitpid is an alias for Process.wait.
static VALUE
proc_wait2(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
{
VALUE pid = proc_wait(argc, argv);
if (NIL_P(pid)) return Qnil;
return rb_assoc_new(pid, rb_last_status_get());
}
Like Process.waitpid, but returns an array containing the child process pid and Process::Status status:
pid = Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 13')
Process.wait2(pid)
Process.waitpid2 is an alias for Process.wait2.
static VALUE
proc_warmup(VALUE _)
{
RB_VM_LOCKING() {
rb_gc_prepare_heap();
}
return Qtrue;
}
Notify the Ruby virtual machine that the boot sequence is finished, and that now is a good time to optimize the application. This is useful for long running applications.
This method is expected to be called at the end of the application boot. If the application is deployed using a pre-forking model, Process.warmup should be called in the original process before the first fork.
The actual optimizations performed are entirely implementation specific and may change in the future without notice.
On CRuby, Process.warmup:
Performs a major GC.
Compacts the heap.
Promotes all surviving objects to the old generation.
Precomputes the coderange of all strings.
Frees all empty heap pages and increments the allocatable pages counter by the number of pages freed.
Invoke malloc_trim if available to free empty malloc pages.
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