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strftime_formatting - Documentation for Ruby 3.4

Several Ruby time-related classes have instance method strftime, which returns a formatted string representing all or part of a date or time:

• Date#strftime.

• DateTime#strftime.

• Time#strftime.

Each of these methods takes optional argument format, which has zero or more embedded format specifications (see below).

Each of these methods returns the string resulting from replacing each format specification embedded in format with a string form of one or more parts of the date or time.

A simple example:

Time.now.strftime('%H:%M:%S') 

A format specification has the form:

%[flags][width]conversion

It consists of:

• A leading percent character.

• Zero or more flags (each is a character).

• An optional width specifier (an integer).

• A conversion specifier (a character).

Except for the leading percent character, the only required part is the conversion specifier, so we begin with that.

• %Y - Year including century, zero-padded:

  Time.now.strftime('%Y')        
  Time.new(-1000).strftime('%Y') 
  Time.new(10000).strftime('%Y') 
  Time.new(10).strftime('%Y')    
  

• %y - Year without century, in range (0.99), zero-padded:

  Time.now.strftime('%y')    
  Time.new(1).strftime('%y') 
  

• %C - Century, zero-padded:

  Time.now.strftime('%C')        
  Time.new(-1000).strftime('%C') 
  Time.new(10000).strftime('%C') 
  Time.new(100).strftime('%C')   
  

• %m - Month of the year, in range (1..12), zero-padded:

  Time.new(2022, 1).strftime('%m')  
  Time.new(2022, 12).strftime('%m') 
  

• %B - Full month name, capitalized:

  Time.new(2022, 1).strftime('%B')  
  Time.new(2022, 12).strftime('%B') 
  

• %b - Abbreviated month name, capitalized:

  Time.new(2022, 1).strftime('%b')  
  Time.new(2022, 12).strftime('%h') 
  

• %h - Same as %b.

• %d - Day of the month, in range (1..31), zero-padded:

  Time.new(2002, 1, 1).strftime('%d')  
  Time.new(2002, 1, 31).strftime('%d') 
  

• %e - Day of the month, in range (1..31), blank-padded:

  Time.new(2002, 1, 1).strftime('%e')  
  Time.new(2002, 1, 31).strftime('%e') 
  

• %j - Day of the year, in range (1..366), zero-padded:

  Time.new(2002, 1, 1).strftime('%j')   
  Time.new(2002, 12, 31).strftime('%j') 
  

• %H - Hour of the day, in range (0..23), zero-padded:

  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%H')  
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%H') 
  

• %k - Hour of the day, in range (0..23), blank-padded:

  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%k')  
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%k') 
  

• %I - Hour of the day, in range (1..12), zero-padded:

  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%I')  
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%I') 
  

• %l - Hour of the day, in range (1..12), blank-padded:

  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%l')  
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%l') 
  

• %P - Meridian indicator, lowercase:

  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%P')  
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%P') 
  

• %p - Meridian indicator, uppercase:

  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%p')  
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%p') 
  

• %M - Minute of the hour, in range (0..59), zero-padded:

  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0).strftime('%M') 
  

• %S - Second of the minute in range (0..59), zero-padded:

  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0).strftime('%S') 
  

• %L - Millisecond of the second, in range (0..999), zero-padded:

  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0).strftime('%L') 
  

• %N - Fractional seconds, default width is 9 digits (nanoseconds):

  t = Time.now       
  t.strftime('%N')   
  

  Use width specifiers to adjust units:

  t.strftime('%3N')  
  t.strftime('%6N')  
  t.strftime('%9N')  
  t.strftime('%12N') 
  t.strftime('%15N') 
  t.strftime('%18N') 
  t.strftime('%21N') 
  t.strftime('%24N') 
  

• %s - Number of seconds since the epoch:

  Time.now.strftime('%s') 
  

• %z - Timezone as hour and minute offset from UTC:

  Time.now.strftime('%z') 
  

• %Z - Timezone name (platform-dependent):

  Time.now.strftime('%Z') 
  

• %A - Full weekday name:

  Time.now.strftime('%A') 
  

• %a - Abbreviated weekday name:

  Time.now.strftime('%a') 
  

• %u - Day of the week, in range (1..7), Monday is 1:

  t = Time.new(2022, 6, 26) 
  t.strftime('%a')          
  t.strftime('%u')          
  

• %w - Day of the week, in range (0..6), Sunday is 0:

  t = Time.new(2022, 6, 26) 
  t.strftime('%a')          
  t.strftime('%w')          
  

• %U - Week number of the year, in range (0..53), zero-padded, where each week begins on a Sunday:

  t = Time.new(2022, 6, 26) 
  t.strftime('%a')          
  t.strftime('%U')          
  

• %W - Week number of the year, in range (0..53), zero-padded, where each week begins on a Monday:

  t = Time.new(2022, 6, 26) 
  t.strftime('%a')          
  t.strftime('%W')          
  

See ISO 8601 week dates.

t0 = Time.new(2023, 1, 1) 
t1 = Time.new(2024, 1, 1) 

• %G - Week-based year:

  t0.strftime('%G') 
  t1.strftime('%G') 
  

• %g - Week-based year without century, in range (0..99), zero-padded:

  t0.strftime('%g') 
  t1.strftime('%g') 
  

• %V - Week number of the week-based year, in range (1..53), zero-padded:

  t0.strftime('%V') 
  t1.strftime('%V') 
  

• %n - Newline character “n”:

  Time.now.strftime('%n') 
  

• %t - Tab character “t”:

  Time.now.strftime('%t') 
  

• %% - Percent character ‘%’:

  Time.now.strftime('%%') 
  

Each shorthand specifier here is shown with its corresponding longhand specifier.

• %c - Date and time:

  Time.now.strftime('%c')             
  Time.now.strftime('%a %b %e %T %Y') 
  

• %D - Date:

  Time.now.strftime('%D')       
  Time.now.strftime('%m/%d/%y') 
  

• %F - ISO 8601 date:

  Time.now.strftime('%F')       
  Time.now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') 
  

• %v - VMS date:

  Time.now.strftime('%v')         
  Time.now.strftime('%e-%^b-%4Y') 
  

• %x - Same as %D.

• %X - Same as %T.

• %r - 12-hour time:

  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%r')           
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%I:%M:%S %p')  
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%r')          
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%I:%M:%S %p') 
  

• %R - 24-hour time:

  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%R')     
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%H:%M')  
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%R')    
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%H:%M') 
  

• %T - 24-hour time:

  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%T')        
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 1).strftime('%H:%M:%S')  
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%T')       
  Time.new(2022, 1, 1, 13).strftime('%H:%M:%S') 
  

• %+ (not supported in Time#strftime) - Date and time:

  DateTime.now.strftime('%+')
  
  DateTime.now.strftime('%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y')
  
  

Flags may affect certain formatting specifications.

Multiple flags may be given with a single conversion specified; order does not matter.

• 0 - Pad with zeroes:

  Time.new(10).strftime('%0Y') 
  

• _ - Pad with blanks:

  Time.new(10).strftime('%_Y') 
  

• - - Don’t pad:

  Time.new(10).strftime('%-Y') 
  

• ^ - Upcase result:

  Time.new(2022, 1).strftime('%B')  
  Time.new(2022, 1).strftime('%^B') 
  

• # - Swapcase result:

  Time.now.strftime('%p')  
  Time.now.strftime('%^p') 
  Time.now.strftime('%#p') 
  

• : - Put timezone as colon-separated hours and minutes:

  Time.now.strftime('%:z')  
  

• :: - Put timezone as colon-separated hours, minutes, and seconds:

  Time.now.strftime('%::z') 
  

The integer width specifier gives a minimum width for the returned string:

Time.new(2002).strftime('%Y')       
Time.new(2002).strftime('%10Y')     
Time.new(2002, 12).strftime('%B')   
Time.new(2002, 12).strftime('%10B') 
Time.new(2002, 12).strftime('%3B')  

Here are a few specialized format strings, each based on an external standard.

The HTTP date format is based on RFC 2616, and treats dates in the format '%a, %d %b %Y %T GMT':

d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3) 

httpdate = d.httpdate    

Date.httpdate(httpdate)  

Date._httpdate(httpdate)

The RFC 3339 date format is based on RFC 3339:

d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3) 

rfc3339 = d.rfc3339      

Date.rfc3339(rfc3339)    

Date._rfc3339(rfc3339)

The RFC 2822 date format is based on RFC 2822, and treats dates in the format '%a, %-d %b %Y %T %z']:

d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3) 

rfc2822 = d.rfc2822      

Date.rfc2822(rfc2822)    

Date._rfc2822(rfc2822)

The JIS X 0301 format includes the Japanese era name, and treats dates in the format '%Y-%m-%d' with the first letter of the romanized era name prefixed:

d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3) 

jisx0301 = d.jisx0301    

Date.jisx0301(jisx0301)  

Date._jisx0301(jisx0301) 

This section shows format specifications that are compatible with ISO 8601. Details for various formats may be seen at the links.

Examples in this section assume:

t = Time.now 

See ISO 8601 dates.

• Years:

  • Basic year (YYYY):

    t.strftime('%Y') 
    

  • Expanded year (±YYYYY):

    t.strftime('+%5Y') 
    t.strftime('-%5Y') 
    

• Calendar dates:

  • Basic date (YYYYMMDD):

    t.strftime('%Y%m%d') 
    

  • Extended date (YYYY-MM-DD):

    t.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') 
    

  • Reduced extended date (YYYY-MM):

    t.strftime('%Y-%m') 
    

• Week dates:

  • Basic date (YYYYWww or YYYYWwwD):

    t.strftime('%Y%Ww')   
    t.strftime('%Y%Ww%u') 
    

  • Extended date (YYYY-Www or <tt>YYYY-Www-D<tt>):

    t.strftime('%Y-%Ww')    
    t.strftime('%Y-%Ww-%u') 
    

• Ordinal dates:

  • Basic date (YYYYDDD):

    t.strftime('%Y%j') 
    

  • Extended date (YYYY-DDD):

    t.strftime('%Y-%j') 
    

See ISO 8601 times.

• Times:

  • Basic time (Thhmmss.sss, Thhmmss, Thhmm, or Thh):

    t.strftime('T%H%M%S.%L') 
    t.strftime('T%H%M%S')    
    t.strftime('T%H%M')      
    t.strftime('T%H')        
    

  • Extended time (Thh:mm:ss.sss, Thh:mm:ss, or Thh:mm):

    t.strftime('T%H:%M:%S.%L') 
    t.strftime('T%H:%M:%S')    
    t.strftime('T%H:%M')       
    

• Time zone designators:

  • Timezone (time represents a valid time, hh represents a valid 2-digit hour, and mm represents a valid 2-digit minute):

    • Basic timezone (time±hhmm, time±hh, or timeZ):

      t.strftime('T%H%M%S%z')              
      t.strftime('T%H%M%S%z').slice(0..-3) 
      t.strftime('T%H%M%SZ')               
      

    • Extended timezone (time±hh:mm):

      t.strftime('T%H:%M:%S%z') 
      

  • See also:

    • Local time (unqualified).

    • Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

    • Time offsets from UTC.

See ISO 8601 Combined date and time representations.

An ISO 8601 combined date and time representation may be any ISO 8601 date and any ISO 8601 time, separated by the letter T.

For the relevant strftime formats, see Dates and Times above.

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