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18.6 Debugging

Racket’s built-in debugging support is limited to context (i.e., “stack trace”) information that is printed with an exception. In some cases, for BC implementation of Racket, disabling the JIT compiler can affect context information. For the CS implementation of Racket, setting the PLT_CS_DEBUG environment variable causes compilation to record expression-level context information, instead of just function-level information.

The errortrace library supports more consistent (independent of the compiler) and precise context information. The racket/trace library provides simple tracing support. Finally, the DrRacket programming environment provides much more debugging support.

The racket/trace library mimics the tracing facility available in Chez Scheme.

Each

must be bound to a procedure in the environment of the

expression, and must not be imported from another module. Each

is

ed to a new procedure that traces procedure calls and returns by printing the arguments and results of the call via

. If multiple values are returned, each value is displayed starting on a separate line.

When traced procedures invoke each other, nested invocations are shown by printing a nesting prefix. If the nesting depth grows to ten and beyond, a number is printed to show the actual nesting depth.

The trace form can be used on an identifier that is already traced. In this case, assuming that the variable’s value has not been changed, trace has no effect. If the variable has been changed to a different procedure, then a new trace is installed.

Tracing respects tail calls to preserve loops, but its effect may be visible through continuation marks. When a call to a traced procedure occurs in tail position with respect to a previous traced call, then the tailness of the call is preserved (and the result of the call is not printed for the tail call, because the same result will be printed for an enclosing call). Otherwise, however, the body of a traced procedure is not evaluated in tail position with respect to a call to the procedure.

The result of a trace expression is #<void>.

Examples:

> (define (f x) (if (zero? x) 0 (add1 (f (sub1 x))))) > (trace f) > (f 10)

>(f 10)

> (f 9)

> >(f 8)

> > (f 7)

> > >(f 6)

> > > (f 5)

> > > >(f 4)

> > > > (f 3)

> > > > >(f 2)

> > > > > (f 1)

> > > >[10] (f 0)

< < < <[10] 0

< < < < < 1

< < < < <2

< < < < 3

< < < <4

< < < 5

< < <6

< < 7

< <8

< 9

<10

10

trace can also be used to debug syntax transformers. This is verbose to do directly with trace; refer to trace-define-syntax for a simpler way to do this.

Examples:

When tracing syntax transformers, it may be helpful to modify current-trace-print-args and current-trace-print-results to make the trace output more readable; see current-trace-print-args for an extended example.

The

form is short-hand for first defining a function then tracing it. This form supports all

forms.

Examples:

> (trace-define (f x) (if (zero? x) 0 (add1 (f (sub1 x))))) > (f 5)

>(f 5)

> (f 4)

> >(f 3)

> > (f 2)

> > >(f 1)

> > > (f 0)

< < < 0

< < <1

< < 2

< <3

< 4

<5

5

Examples:

For example:

Examples:

> (fact 5)

>(fact #<syntax:eval:15:0 (fact 5)>)

<#<syntax:eval:15:0 120>

120

By default, trace prints out syntax objects when tracing a syntax transformer. This can result in too much output if you do not need to see, e.g., source information. To get more readable output by printing syntax objects as datums, we can modify the current-trace-print-args and current-trace-print-results. See current-trace-print-args for an example.

The

form enables tracing an anonymous function. This form will attempt to infer a name using

, or a name can be specified using the optional

argument. A syntax error is raised if a name is not given and a name cannot be inferred.

Example:

The

form enables tracing a named let.

Example:

>(f 5)

> (f 4)

> >(f 3)

> > (f 2)

> > >(f 1)

> > > (f 0)

< < < 1

< < <1

< < 2

< <6

< 24

<120

120

Undoes the effects of the

form for each

,

ing each

back to the untraced procedure, but only if the current value of

is a traced procedure. If the current value of a

is not a procedure installed by

, then the variable is not changed.

The result of an untrace expression is #<void>.

A

that determines the way that trace output is displayed. The string given to

is a trace; it does not end with a newline, but it may contain internal newlines. Each call or result is converted into a string using

. The parameter’s default value prints the given string followed by a newline to

.

Calls

with the arguments supplied in

, and possibly using keyword arguments. Also prints out the trace information during the call, as described above in the docs for

, using

as the name of

.

The value of this parameter is invoked to print out the arguments of a traced call. It receives the name of the function, the function’s ordinary arguments, its keywords, the values of the keywords, and a number indicating the depth of the call.

Modifying this and current-trace-print-results is useful to to get more readable or additional output when tracing syntax transformers. For example, we can use debug-scopes to add scopes information to the trace, (see debug-scopes for an example), or remove source location information to just display the shape of the syntax object

In this example, we update the printers current-trace-print-args and current-trace-print-results by storing the current printers (ctpa and ctpr) to cast syntax objects to datum using syntax->datum and then pass the transformed arguments and results to the previous printer. When tracing, syntax arguments will be displayed without source location information, shortening the output.

Examples:

We must take care when modifying these parameters, especially when the transformation makes assumptions about or changes the type of the argument/result of the traced identifier. This modification of current-trace-print-args and current-trace-print-results is an imperative update, and will affect all traced identifiers. This example assumes all arguments and results to all traced functions will be syntax objects, which is the case only if you are only tracing syntax transformers. If used as-is, the above code could result in type errors when tracing both functions and syntax transformers. It would be better to use syntax->datum only when the argument or result is actually a syntax object, for example, by defining maybe-syntax->datum as follows.

Examples:

The value of this parameter is invoked to print out the results of a traced call. It receives the name of the function, the function’s results, and a number indicating the depth of the call.

This string is used by the default value of

indicating that the current line is showing the a call to a traced function.

It defaults to ">".

This string is used by the default value of

indicating that the current line is showing the result of a traced call.

It defaults to "<".

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