Get a strong reference to a constant.
Set an exception and return NULL if constant_id is invalid.
constant_id must be one of these constant identifiers:
Constant Identifier
Value
Returned object
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
6
1
7
''
8
b''
9
()
Numeric values are only given for projects which cannot use the constant identifiers.
Added in version 3.13.
CPython implementation detail: In CPython, all of these constants are immortal.
Similar to Py_GetConstant(), but return a borrowed reference.
This function is primarily intended for backwards compatibility: using Py_GetConstant() is recommended for new code.
The reference is borrowed from the interpreter, and is valid until the interpreter finalization.
Added in version 3.13.
The NotImplemented singleton, used to signal that an operation is not implemented for the given type combination.
Properly handle returning Py_NotImplemented from within a C function (that is, create a new strong reference to NotImplemented and return it).
Flag to be used with multiple functions that print the object (like PyObject_Print() and PyFile_WriteObject()). If passed, these function would use the str() of the object instead of the repr().
Print an object o, on file fp. Returns -1 on error. The flags argument is used to enable certain printing options. The only option currently supported is Py_PRINT_RAW; if given, the str() of the object is written instead of the repr().
Returns 1 if o has the attribute attr_name, and 0 otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression hasattr(o, attr_name). On failure, return -1.
Added in version 3.13.
This is the same as PyObject_HasAttrWithError(), but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.
Added in version 3.13.
Returns 1 if o has the attribute attr_name, and 0 otherwise. This function always succeeds.
This is the same as PyObject_HasAttr(), but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.
Retrieve an attribute named attr_name from object o. Returns the attribute value on success, or NULL on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression o.attr_name.
If the missing attribute should not be treated as a failure, you can use PyObject_GetOptionalAttr() instead.
This is the same as PyObject_GetAttr(), but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.
If the missing attribute should not be treated as a failure, you can use PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString() instead.
Variant of PyObject_GetAttr() which doesnât raise AttributeError if the attribute is not found.
If the attribute is found, return 1 and set *result to a new strong reference to the attribute. If the attribute is not found, return 0 and set *result to NULL; the AttributeError is silenced. If an error other than AttributeError is raised, return -1 and set *result to NULL.
Added in version 3.13.
This is the same as PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(), but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.
Added in version 3.13.
Generic attribute getter function that is meant to be put into a type objectâs tp_getattro slot. It looks for a descriptor in the dictionary of classes in the objectâs MRO as well as an attribute in the objectâs __dict__ (if present). As outlined in Implementing Descriptors, data descriptors take preference over instance attributes, while non-data descriptors donât. Otherwise, an AttributeError is raised.
Set the value of the attribute named attr_name, for object o, to the value v. Raise an exception and return -1 on failure; return 0 on success. This is the equivalent of the Python statement o.attr_name = v.
If v is NULL, the attribute is deleted. This behaviour is deprecated in favour of using PyObject_DelAttr(), but there are currently no plans to remove it.
This is the same as PyObject_SetAttr(), but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.
If v is NULL, the attribute is deleted, but this feature is deprecated in favour of using PyObject_DelAttrString().
The number of different attribute names passed to this function should be kept small, usually by using a statically allocated string as attr_name. For attribute names that arenât known at compile time, prefer calling PyUnicode_FromString() and PyObject_SetAttr() directly. For more details, see PyUnicode_InternFromString(), which may be used internally to create a key object.
Generic attribute setter and deleter function that is meant to be put into a type objectâs tp_setattro slot. It looks for a data descriptor in the dictionary of classes in the objectâs MRO, and if found it takes preference over setting or deleting the attribute in the instance dictionary. Otherwise, the attribute is set or deleted in the objectâs __dict__ (if present). On success, 0 is returned, otherwise an AttributeError is raised and -1 is returned.
Delete attribute named attr_name, for object o. Returns -1 on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python statement del o.attr_name.
This is the same as PyObject_DelAttr(), but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.
The number of different attribute names passed to this function should be kept small, usually by using a statically allocated string as attr_name. For attribute names that arenât known at compile time, prefer calling PyUnicode_FromString() and PyObject_DelAttr() directly. For more details, see PyUnicode_InternFromString(), which may be used internally to create a key object for lookup.
A generic implementation for the getter of a __dict__ descriptor. It creates the dictionary if necessary.
This function may also be called to get the __dict__ of the object o. Pass NULL for context when calling it. Since this function may need to allocate memory for the dictionary, it may be more efficient to call PyObject_GetAttr() when accessing an attribute on the object.
On failure, returns NULL with an exception set.
Added in version 3.3.
A generic implementation for the setter of a __dict__ descriptor. This implementation does not allow the dictionary to be deleted.
Added in version 3.3.
Return a pointer to __dict__ of the object obj. If there is no __dict__, return NULL without setting an exception.
This function may need to allocate memory for the dictionary, so it may be more efficient to call PyObject_GetAttr() when accessing an attribute on the object.
Compare the values of o1 and o2 using the operation specified by opid, which must be one of Py_LT, Py_LE, Py_EQ, Py_NE, Py_GT, or Py_GE, corresponding to <, <=, ==, !=, >, or >= respectively. This is the equivalent of the Python expression o1 op o2, where op is the operator corresponding to opid. Returns the value of the comparison on success, or NULL on failure.
Compare the values of o1 and o2 using the operation specified by opid, like PyObject_RichCompare(), but returns -1 on error, 0 if the result is false, 1 otherwise.
Format obj using format_spec. This is equivalent to the Python expression format(obj, format_spec).
format_spec may be NULL. In this case the call is equivalent to format(obj). Returns the formatted string on success, NULL on failure.
Compute a string representation of object o. Returns the string representation on success, NULL on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression repr(o). Called by the repr() built-in function.
Changed in version 3.4: This function now includes a debug assertion to help ensure that it does not silently discard an active exception.
As PyObject_Repr(), compute a string representation of object o, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by PyObject_Repr() with \x, \u or \U escapes. This generates a string similar to that returned by PyObject_Repr() in Python 2. Called by the ascii() built-in function.
Compute a string representation of object o. Returns the string representation on success, NULL on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression str(o). Called by the str() built-in function and, therefore, by the print() function.
Changed in version 3.4: This function now includes a debug assertion to help ensure that it does not silently discard an active exception.
Compute a bytes representation of object o. NULL is returned on failure and a bytes object on success. This is equivalent to the Python expression bytes(o), when o is not an integer. Unlike bytes(o), a TypeError is raised when o is an integer instead of a zero-initialized bytes object.
Return 1 if the class derived is identical to or derived from the class cls, otherwise return 0. In case of an error, return -1.
If cls is a tuple, the check will be done against every entry in cls. The result will be 1 when at least one of the checks returns 1, otherwise it will be 0.
If cls has a __subclasscheck__() method, it will be called to determine the subclass status as described in PEP 3119. Otherwise, derived is a subclass of cls if it is a direct or indirect subclass, i.e. contained in cls.__mro__.
Normally only class objects, i.e. instances of type or a derived class, are considered classes. However, objects can override this by having a __bases__ attribute (which must be a tuple of base classes).
Return 1 if inst is an instance of the class cls or a subclass of cls, or 0 if not. On error, returns -1 and sets an exception.
If cls is a tuple, the check will be done against every entry in cls. The result will be 1 when at least one of the checks returns 1, otherwise it will be 0.
If cls has a __instancecheck__() method, it will be called to determine the subclass status as described in PEP 3119. Otherwise, inst is an instance of cls if its class is a subclass of cls.
An instance inst can override what is considered its class by having a __class__ attribute.
An object cls can override if it is considered a class, and what its base classes are, by having a __bases__ attribute (which must be a tuple of base classes).
Compute and return the hash value of an object o. On failure, return -1. This is the equivalent of the Python expression hash(o).
Changed in version 3.2: The return type is now Py_hash_t. This is a signed integer the same size as Py_ssize_t.
Set a TypeError indicating that type(o) is not hashable and return -1. This function receives special treatment when stored in a tp_hash slot, allowing a type to explicitly indicate to the interpreter that it is not hashable.
Returns 1 if the object o is considered to be true, and 0 otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression not not o. On failure, return -1.
Returns 0 if the object o is considered to be true, and 1 otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression not o. On failure, return -1.
When o is non-NULL, returns a type object corresponding to the object type of object o. On failure, raises SystemError and returns NULL. This is equivalent to the Python expression type(o). This function creates a new strong reference to the return value. Thereâs really no reason to use this function instead of the Py_TYPE() function, which returns a pointer of type PyTypeObject*, except when a new strong reference is needed.
Return non-zero if the object o is of type type or a subtype of type, and 0 otherwise. Both parameters must be non-NULL.
Return the length of object o. If the object o provides either the sequence and mapping protocols, the sequence length is returned. On error, -1 is returned. This is the equivalent to the Python expression len(o).
Return an estimated length for the object o. First try to return its actual length, then an estimate using __length_hint__(), and finally return the default value. On error return -1. This is the equivalent to the Python expression operator.length_hint(o, defaultvalue).
Added in version 3.4.
Return element of o corresponding to the object key or NULL on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression o[key].
Map the object key to the value v. Raise an exception and return -1 on failure; return 0 on success. This is the equivalent of the Python statement o[key] = v. This function does not steal a reference to v.
Remove the mapping for the object key from the object o. Return -1 on failure. This is equivalent to the Python statement del o[key].
This is the same as PyObject_DelItem(), but key is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.
This is equivalent to the Python expression dir(o), returning a (possibly empty) list of strings appropriate for the object argument, or NULL if there was an error. If the argument is NULL, this is like the Python dir(), returning the names of the current locals; in this case, if no execution frame is active then NULL is returned but PyErr_Occurred() will return false.
This is equivalent to the Python expression iter(o). It returns a new iterator for the object argument, or the object itself if the object is already an iterator. Raises TypeError and returns NULL if the object cannot be iterated.
This is equivalent to the Python __iter__(self): return self method. It is intended for iterator types, to be used in the PyTypeObject.tp_iter slot.
This is the equivalent to the Python expression aiter(o). Takes an AsyncIterable object and returns an AsyncIterator for it. This is typically a new iterator but if the argument is an AsyncIterator, this returns itself. Raises TypeError and returns NULL if the object cannot be iterated.
Added in version 3.10.
Get a pointer to subclass-specific data reserved for cls.
The object o must be an instance of cls, and cls must have been created using negative PyType_Spec.basicsize. Python does not check this.
On error, set an exception and return NULL.
Added in version 3.12.
Return the size of the instance memory space reserved for cls, i.e. the size of the memory PyObject_GetTypeData() returns.
This may be larger than requested using -PyType_Spec.basicsize; it is safe to use this larger size (e.g. with memset()).
The type cls must have been created using negative PyType_Spec.basicsize. Python does not check this.
On error, set an exception and return a negative value.
Added in version 3.12.
Get a pointer to per-item data for a class with Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END.
On error, set an exception and return NULL. TypeError is raised if o does not have Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END set.
Added in version 3.12.
Visit the managed dictionary of obj.
This function must only be called in a traverse function of the type which has the Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT flag set.
Added in version 3.13.
Clear the managed dictionary of obj.
This function must only be called in a traverse function of the type which has the Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT flag set.
Added in version 3.13.
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