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Showing content from https://docs.microsoft.com/azure/azure-sql/database/firewall-configure below:

IP Firewall Rules - Azure SQL Database and Azure Synapse Analytics

Applies to: Azure SQL Database Azure Synapse Analytics

When you create a new server in Azure SQL Database or Azure Synapse Analytics named mysqlserver, for example, a server-level firewall blocks all access to the public endpoint for the server (which is accessible at mysqlserver.database.windows.net). For simplicity, SQL Database is used to refer to both SQL Database and Azure Synapse Analytics. This article does not apply to Azure SQL Managed Instance. For information about network configuration, see Connect your application to Azure SQL Managed Instance.

Connection attempts from the internet and Azure must pass through the firewall before they reach your server or database, as the following diagram shows.

Important

Azure Synapse only supports server-level IP firewall rules. It doesn't support database-level IP firewall rules.

These rules enable clients to access your entire server, that is, all the databases managed by the server. The rules are stored in the master database. The maximum number of server-level IP firewall rules is limited to 256 for a server. If you have the Allow Azure Services and resources to access this server setting enabled, this counts as a single firewall rule for the server.

You can configure server-level IP firewall rules by using the Azure portal, PowerShell, or Transact-SQL statements.

Note

The maximum number of server-level IP firewall rules is limited to 256 when configuring using the Azure portal.

• To use the portal or PowerShell, you must be the subscription owner or a subscription contributor.
• To use Transact-SQL, you must connect to the master database as the server-level principal login or as the Microsoft Entra administrator. (A server-level IP firewall rule must first be created by a user who has Azure-level permissions.)

Note

By default, during creation of a new logical SQL server from the Azure portal, the Allow Azure Services and resources to access this server setting is set to No.

Database-level IP firewall rules enable clients to access certain (secure) databases. You create the rules for each database (including the master database), and they're stored in the individual database.

• You can only create and manage database-level IP firewall rules for master and user databases by using Transact-SQL statements and only after you configure the first server-level firewall.
• If you specify an IP address range in the database-level IP firewall rule that's outside the range in the server-level IP firewall rule, only those clients that have IP addresses in the database-level range can access the database.
• The default value is up to 256 database-level IP firewall rules for a database. For more information about configuring database-level IP firewall rules, see the example later in this article and see sp_set_database_firewall_rule (Azure SQL Database).

We recommend that you use database-level IP firewall rules whenever possible. This practice enhances security and makes your database more portable. Use server-level IP firewall rules for administrators. Also use them when you have many databases that have the same access requirements, and you don't want to configure each database individually.

Should users of one database be fully isolated from another database?

If yes, use database-level IP firewall rules to grant access. This method avoids using server-level IP firewall rules, which permit access through the firewall to all databases. That would reduce the depth of your defenses.

Do users at the IP addresses need access to all databases?

If yes, use server-level IP firewall rules to reduce the number of times that you have to configure IP firewall rules.

Does the person or team who configures the IP firewall rules only have access through the Azure portal, PowerShell, or the REST API?

If so, you must use server-level IP firewall rules. Database-level IP firewall rules can only be configured through Transact-SQL.

Is the person or team who configures the IP firewall rules prohibited from having high-level permission at the database level?

If so, use server-level IP firewall rules. You need at least CONTROL DATABASE permission at the database level to configure database-level IP firewall rules through Transact-SQL.

Does the person or team who configures or audits the IP firewall rules centrally manage IP firewall rules for many (perhaps hundreds) of databases?

In this scenario, best practices are determined by your needs and environment. Server-level IP firewall rules might be easier to configure, but scripting can configure rules at the database-level. And even if you use server-level IP firewall rules, you might need to audit database-level IP firewall rules to see if users with CONTROL permission on the database create database-level IP firewall rules.

Can I use a mix of server-level and database-level IP firewall rules?

Yes. Some users, such as administrators, might need server-level IP firewall rules. Other users, such as users of a database application, might need database-level IP firewall rules.

When a computer tries to connect to your server from the internet, the firewall first checks the originating IP address of the request against the database-level IP firewall rules for the database that the connection requests.

• If the address is within a range that's specified in the database-level IP firewall rules, the connection is granted to the database that contains the rule.
• If the address isn't within a range in the database-level IP firewall rules, the firewall checks the server-level IP firewall rules. If the address is within a range that's in the server-level IP firewall rules, the connection is granted. Server-level IP firewall rules apply to all databases managed by the server.
• If the address isn't within a range that's in any of the database-level or server-level IP firewall rules, the connection request fails.

Note

To access Azure SQL Database from your local computer, ensure that the firewall on your network and local computer allows outgoing communication on TCP port 1433.

To allow applications hosted inside Azure to connect to your SQL server, Azure connections must be enabled. To enable Azure connections, there must be a firewall rule with starting and ending IP addresses set to 0.0.0.0. This recommended rule is only applicable to Azure SQL Database.

When an application from Azure tries to connect to the server, the firewall checks that Azure connections are allowed by verifying this firewall rule exists. This can be turned on directly from the Azure portal pane by switching the Allow Azure Services and resources to access this server to ON in the Firewalls and virtual networks settings. Switching the setting to ON creates an inbound firewall rule for IP 0.0.0.0 - 0.0.0.0 named AllowAllWindowsAzureIps. The rule can be viewed in your master database sys.firewall_rules view. Use PowerShell or the Azure CLI to create a firewall rule with start and end IP addresses set to 0.0.0.0 if you're not using the portal.

Important

This option configures the firewall to allow all connections from Azure, including connections from the subscriptions of other customers. If you select this option, make sure that your login and user permissions limit access to authorized users only.

To be able to create and manage IP firewall rules for the Azure SQL Server, you'll need to either be:

• in the SQL Server Contributor role
• in the SQL Security Manager role
• the owner of the resource that contains the Azure SQL Server

You create the first server-level firewall setting by using the Azure portal or programmatically by using Azure PowerShell, Azure CLI, or an Azure REST API. You create and manage additional server-level IP firewall rules by using these methods or Transact-SQL.

Important

Database-level IP firewall rules can only be created and managed by using Transact-SQL.

To improve performance, server-level IP firewall rules are temporarily cached at the database level. To refresh the cache, see DBCC FLUSHAUTHCACHE.

To set a server-level IP firewall rule in the Azure portal, go to the overview page for your database or your server.

1. To set a server-level IP firewall rule from the database overview page, select Set server firewall on the toolbar, as the following image shows.

   The Networking page for the server opens.

2. Add a rule in the Firewall rules section to add the IP address of the computer that you're using, and then select Save. A server-level IP firewall rule is created for your current IP address.

The overview page for your server opens. It shows the fully qualified server name (such as mynewserver20170403.database.windows.net) and provides options for further configuration.

1. To set a server-level rule from this page, select Networking from the Settings menu on the left side.

2. Add a rule in the Firewall rules section to add the IP address of the computer that you're using, and then select Save. A server-level IP firewall rule is created for your current IP address.

The following example reviews the existing rules, enables a range of IP addresses on the server Contoso, and deletes an IP firewall rule:

SELECT * FROM sys.firewall_rules ORDER BY name;

Next, add a server-level IP firewall rule.

EXECUTE sp_set_firewall_rule @name = N'ContosoFirewallRule',
   @start_ip_address = '192.168.1.1', @end_ip_address = '192.168.1.10'

To delete a server-level IP firewall rule, execute the sp_delete_firewall_rule stored procedure. The following example deletes the rule ContosoFirewallRule:

EXECUTE sp_delete_firewall_rule @name = N'ContosoFirewallRule'

Important

The PowerShell Azure Resource Manager (AzureRM) module was deprecated on February 29, 2024. All future development should use the Az.Sql module. Users are advised to migrate from AzureRM to the Az PowerShell module to ensure continued support and updates. The AzureRM module is no longer maintained or supported. The arguments for the commands in the Az PowerShell module and in the AzureRM modules are substantially identical. For more about their compatibility, see Introducing the new Az PowerShell module.

The following example uses PowerShell to set a server-level IP firewall rule:

New-AzSqlServerFirewallRule -ResourceGroupName "myResourceGroup" `
    -ServerName $servername `
    -FirewallRuleName "ContosoIPRange" -StartIpAddress "192.168.1.0" -EndIpAddress "192.168.1.255"

The following example uses CLI to set a server-level IP firewall rule:

az sql server firewall-rule create --resource-group myResourceGroup --server $servername \
-n ContosoIPRange --start-ip-address 192.168.1.0 --end-ip-address 192.168.1.255

For Azure Synapse Analytics, refer to the following examples:

The following example uses CLI to set a server-level IP firewall rule in Azure Synapse:

az synapse workspace firewall-rule create --name AllowAllWindowsAzureIps --workspace-name $workspacename --resource-group $resourcegroupname --start-ip-address 0.0.0.0 --end-ip-address 0.0.0.0

The server authentication model has a latency of 5 minutes for all changes to security settings, unless the database is contained and without a failover partner. Changes made to contained databases without a failover partner are instantaneous. For contained databases with a failover partner, each security update is instantaneous on the primary database, but the secondary database can take up to 5 minutes to reflect the changes.

The following table describes the latency of security settings changes based on database type and failover configuration:

If you need to see firewall rules updated more quickly than the 5 minute latency, you can manually refresh the firewall rules. Log into the database instance that needs its rules updated, and run DBCC FLUSHAUTHCACHE. This will cause the database instance to flush its local cache and refresh firewall rules.

DBCC FLUSHAUTHCACHE[;]

Consider the following points when access to Azure SQL Database doesn't behave as you expect.

• Local firewall configuration:

  Before your computer can access Azure SQL Database, you might need to create a firewall exception on your computer for TCP port 1433. To make connections inside the Azure cloud boundary, you might have to open additional ports. For more information, see the "SQL Database: Outside vs inside" section of Ports beyond 1433 for ADO.NET 4.5.

• Network address translation:

  Because of network address translation (NAT), the IP address that's used by your computer to connect to Azure SQL Database might be different than the IP address in your computer's IP configuration settings. To view the IP address that your computer is using to connect to Azure:

  1. Sign in to the portal.
  2. Go to the Configure tab on the server that hosts your database.
  3. The Current Client IP Address is displayed in the Allowed IP Addresses section. Select Add for Allowed IP Addresses to allow this computer to access the server.

• Changes to the allow list haven't taken effect yet:

  There might be up to a five-minute delay for changes to the Azure SQL Database firewall configuration to take effect.

• The login isn't authorized, or an incorrect password was used:

  If a login doesn't have permissions on the server or the password is incorrect, the connection to the server is denied. Creating a firewall setting only gives clients an opportunity to try to connect to your server. The client must still provide the necessary security credentials. For more information about preparing logins, see Authorize database access to SQL Database, SQL Managed Instance, and Azure Synapse Analytics.

• Dynamic IP address:

  If you have an internet connection that uses dynamic IP addressing and you have trouble getting through the firewall, try one of the following solutions:

  • Ask your internet service provider for the IP address range that's assigned to your client computers that access the server. Add that IP address range as an IP firewall rule.
  • Get static IP addressing instead for your client computers. Add the IP addresses as IP firewall rules.

• Microsoft Azure datacenter IP ranges
• creating a single database in Azure SQL Database
• Client quickstart code samples to Azure SQL Database
• Ports beyond 1433 for ADO.NET 4.5
• An overview of Azure SQL Database and SQL Managed Instance security capabilities

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