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Showing content from https://docs.github.com/en/actions/hosting-your-own-runners/autoscaling-with-self-hosted-runners below:

Self-hosted runners reference - GitHub Docs

Find information about setting up and using self-hosted runners.

You can use a machine as a self-hosted runner as long as it meets these requirements:

• You can install and run the self-hosted runner application on the machine. See Supported operating systems and Supported processor architectures.
• The machine can communicate with GitHub Actions.
• The machine has enough hardware resources for the type of workflows you plan to run. The self-hosted runner application itself only requires minimal resources.
• If you want to run workflows that use Docker container actions or service containers, you must use a Linux machine and Docker must be installed.

• Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 or later
• CentOS 8 or later
• Oracle Linux 8 or later
• Fedora 29 or later
• Debian 10 or later
• Ubuntu 20.04 or later
• Linux Mint 20 or later
• openSUSE 15.2 or later
• SUSE Enterprise Linux (SLES) 15 SP2 or later

• Windows 10 64-bit
• Windows 11 64-bit
• Windows Server 2016 64-bit
• Windows Server 2019 64-bit
• Windows Server 2022 64-bit

• macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) or later

• x64 - Linux, macOS, Windows.
• ARM64 - Linux, macOS, Windows (currently in public preview).
• ARM32 - Linux.

When routing a job to a self-hosted runner, GitHub looks for a runner that matches the job's runs-on labels and groups:

• If GitHub finds an online and idle runner that matches the job's runs-on labels and groups, the job is then assigned and sent to the runner.
  • If the runner doesn't pick up the assigned job within 60 seconds, the job is re-queued so that a new runner can accept it.
• If GitHub doesn't find an online and idle runner that matches the job's runs-on labels and groups, then the job will remain queued until a runner comes online.
• If the job remains queued for more than 24 hours, the job will fail.

You can automatically increase or decrease the number of self-hosted runners in your environment in response to the webhook events you receive with a particular label.

GitHub-hosted runners inherently autoscale based on your needs. GitHub-hosted runners can be a low-maintenance and cost-effective alternative to developing or implementing autoscaling solutions. For more information, see GitHub-hosted runners.

The actions/actions-runner-controller (ARC) project is a Kubernetes-based runner autoscaler. GitHub recommends ARC if the team deploying it has expert Kubernetes knowledge and experience.

For more information, see Actions Runner Controller and Support for Actions Runner Controller.

GitHub recommends implementing autoscaling with ephemeral self-hosted runners; autoscaling with persistent self-hosted runners is not recommended. In certain cases, GitHub cannot guarantee that jobs are not assigned to persistent runners while they are shut down. With ephemeral runners, this can be guaranteed because GitHub only assigns one job to a runner.

This approach allows you to manage your runners as ephemeral systems, since you can use automation to provide a clean environment for each job. This helps limit the exposure of any sensitive resources from previous jobs, and also helps mitigate the risk of a compromised runner receiving new jobs.

Warning

The runner application log files for ephemeral runners must be forwarded to an external log storage solution for troubleshooting and diagnostic purposes. While it is not required for ephemeral runners to be deployed, GitHub recommends ensuring runner logs are forwarded and preserved externally before deploying an ephemeral runner autoscaling solution in a production environment. For more information, see Monitoring and troubleshooting self-hosted runners.

To add an ephemeral runner to your environment, include the --ephemeral parameter when registering your runner using config.sh. For example:

./config.sh --url https://github.com/octo-org --token example-token --ephemeral

The GitHub Actions service will then automatically de-register the runner after it has processed one job. You can then create your own automation that wipes the runner after it has been de-registered.

Note

If a job is labeled for a certain type of runner, but none matching that type are available, the job does not immediately fail at the time of queueing. Instead, the job will remain queued until the 24 hour timeout period expires.

Alternatively, you can create ephemeral, just-in-time runners using the REST API. For more information, see REST API endpoints for self-hosted runners.

By default, self-hosted runners will automatically perform a software update whenever a new version of the runner software is available. If you use ephemeral runners in containers then this can lead to repeated software updates when a new runner version is released. Turning off automatic updates allows you to update the runner version on the container image directly on your own schedule.

To turn off automatic software updates and install software updates yourself, specify the --disableupdate flag when registering your runner using config.sh. For example:

./config.sh --url https://github.com/YOUR-ORGANIZATION --token EXAMPLE-TOKEN --disableupdate

If you disable automatic updates, you must still update your runner version regularly. New functionality in GitHub Actions requires changes in both the GitHub Actions service and the runner software. The runner may not be able to correctly process jobs that take advantage of new features in GitHub Actions without a software update.

If you disable automatic updates, you will be required to update your runner version within 30 days of a new version being made available. You may want to subscribe to notifications for releases in the actions/runner repository. For more information, see Configuring notifications.

For instructions on how to install the latest runner version, see the installation instructions for the latest release.

Warning

Any updates released for the software, including major, minor or patch releases, are considered as an available update. If you do not perform a software update within 30 days, the GitHub Actions service will not queue jobs to your runner. In addition, if a critical security update is required, the GitHub Actions service will not queue jobs to your runner until it has been updated.

You can create your own autoscaling environment by using payloads received from the workflow_job webhook. This webhook is available at the repository, organization, and enterprise levels, and the payload for this event contains an action key that corresponds to the stages of a workflow job's life-cycle; for example when jobs are queued, in_progress, and completed. You must then create your own scaling automation in response to these webhook payloads.

• For more information about the workflow_job webhook, see Webhook events and payloads.
• To learn how to work with webhooks, see Webhooks documentation.

You can register and delete repository and organization self-hosted runners using the API. To authenticate to the API, your autoscaling implementation can use an access token or a GitHub app.

Your access token will require the following scope:

• For private repositories, use an access token with the repo scope.
• For public repositories, use an access token with the public_repo scope.
• For organizations, use an access token with the admin:org scope.

To authenticate using a GitHub App, it must be assigned the following permissions:

• For repositories, assign the administration permission.
• For organizations, assign the organization_self_hosted_runners permission.

You can register and delete enterprise self-hosted runners using the API. To authenticate to the API, your autoscaling implementation can use an access token.

Your access token will require the manage_runners:enterprise scope.

Self-hosted runners connect to GitHub to receive job assignments and download new versions of the runner application.

The GitHub Actions runner application is open source. You can contribute and file issues in the runner repository. When a new version is released, the runner application automatically updates itself when a job is assigned to the runner, or within a week of release if the runner hasn't been assigned any jobs.

• The self-hosted runner application must be running on the host machine to accept and run GitHub Actions jobs.
• The host machine must have appropriate network access with at least 70 kilobits per second upload and download speed.
• The host machine must be able to make outbound HTTPS connections over port 443.
• Depending on the function of the workflows assigned to your self-hosted runner, the host machine must be able to communicate with the GitHub domains listed below.

Note

Some of the domains listed are configured using CNAME records. Some firewalls might require you to add rules recursively for all CNAME records. Note that the CNAME records might change in the future, and that only the domains listed will remain constant.

Needed for essential operations:

github.com
api.github.com
*.actions.githubusercontent.com

github.com
api.github.com
*.actions.githubusercontent.com

Needed for downloading actions:

codeload.github.com
pkg.actions.githubusercontent.com

codeload.github.com
pkg.actions.githubusercontent.com

Needed for publishing immutable actions:

Needed for uploading/downloading job summaries, logs, workflow artifacts, and caches:

results-receiver.actions.githubusercontent.com
*.blob.core.windows.net

results-receiver.actions.githubusercontent.com
*.blob.core.windows.net

Needed for runner version updates:

objects.githubusercontent.com
objects-origin.githubusercontent.com
github-releases.githubusercontent.com
github-registry-files.githubusercontent.com

objects.githubusercontent.com
objects-origin.githubusercontent.com
github-releases.githubusercontent.com
github-registry-files.githubusercontent.com

Needed for retrieving OIDC tokens:

*.actions.githubusercontent.com

*.actions.githubusercontent.com

Needed for downloading or publishing packages or containers to GitHub Packages:

*.pkg.github.com
pkg-containers.githubusercontent.com
ghcr.io

*.pkg.github.com
pkg-containers.githubusercontent.com
ghcr.io

Needed for Git Large File Storage

github-cloud.githubusercontent.com
github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com

github-cloud.githubusercontent.com
github-cloud.s3.amazonaws.com

Needed for jobs for Dependabot updates

dependabot-actions.githubapp.com

dependabot-actions.githubapp.com

Needed for downloading release assets:

release-assets.githubusercontent.com

release-assets.githubusercontent.com

Needed for VNet:

api.snapcraft.io

api.snapcraft.io

In addition, your workflow may require access to other network resources.

If you use an IP address allow list for your GitHub organization or enterprise account, you must add your self-hosted runner's IP address to the allow list. See Managing allowed IP addresses for your organization or Enforcing policies for security settings in your enterprise in the GitHub Enterprise Cloud documentation.

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