Form processing generally has 3 paths:
Initial GET (blank or prepopulated form)
POST with invalid data (typically redisplay form with errors)
POST with valid data (process the data and typically redirect)
Implementing this yourself often results in a lot of repeated boilerplate code (see Using a form in a view). To help avoid this, Django provides a collection of generic class-based views for form processing.
Basic forms¶Given a contact form:
from django import forms
class ContactForm(forms.Form):
name = forms.CharField()
message = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)
def send_email(self):
# send email using the self.cleaned_data dictionary
pass
The view can be constructed using a FormView:
from myapp.forms import ContactForm
from django.views.generic.edit import FormView
class ContactFormView(FormView):
template_name = "contact.html"
form_class = ContactForm
success_url = "/thanks/"
def form_valid(self, form):
# This method is called when valid form data has been POSTed.
# It should return an HttpResponse.
form.send_email()
return super().form_valid(form)
Notes:
FormView inherits TemplateResponseMixin so template_name can be used here.
The default implementation for form_valid() simply redirects to the success_url.
Generic views really shine when working with models. These generic views will automatically create a ModelForm, so long as they can work out which model class to use:
If the model attribute is given, that model class will be used.
If get_object() returns an object, the class of that object will be used.
If a queryset is given, the model for that queryset will be used.
Model form views provide a form_valid() implementation that saves the model automatically. You can override this if you have any special requirements; see below for examples.
You don’t even need to provide a success_url for CreateView or UpdateView - they will use get_absolute_url() on the model object if available.
If you want to use a custom ModelForm (for instance to add extra validation), set form_class on your view.
Note
When specifying a custom form class, you must still specify the model, even though the form_class may be a ModelForm.
First we need to add get_absolute_url() to our Author class:
from django.db import models
from django.urls import reverse
class Author(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
def get_absolute_url(self):
return reverse("author-detail", kwargs={"pk": self.pk})
Then we can use CreateView and friends to do the actual work. Notice how we’re just configuring the generic class-based views here; we don’t have to write any logic ourselves:
from django.urls import reverse_lazy
from django.views.generic.edit import CreateView, DeleteView, UpdateView
from myapp.models import Author
class AuthorCreateView(CreateView):
model = Author
fields = ["name"]
class AuthorUpdateView(UpdateView):
model = Author
fields = ["name"]
class AuthorDeleteView(DeleteView):
model = Author
success_url = reverse_lazy("author-list")
Note
We have to use reverse_lazy() instead of reverse(), as the urls are not loaded when the file is imported.
The fields attribute works the same way as the fields attribute on the inner Meta class on ModelForm. Unless you define the form class in another way, the attribute is required and the view will raise an ImproperlyConfigured exception if it’s not.
If you specify both the fields and form_class attributes, an ImproperlyConfigured exception will be raised.
Finally, we hook these new views into the URLconf:
from django.urls import path
from myapp.views import AuthorCreateView, AuthorDeleteView, AuthorUpdateView
urlpatterns = [
# ...
path("author/add/", AuthorCreateView.as_view(), name="author-add"),
path("author/<int:pk>/", AuthorUpdateView.as_view(), name="author-update"),
path("author/<int:pk>/delete/", AuthorDeleteView.as_view(), name="author-delete"),
]
Models and request.user¶
To track the user that created an object using a CreateView, you can use a custom ModelForm to do this. First, add the foreign key relation to the model:
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from django.db import models
class Author(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
created_by = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
# ...
In the view, ensure that you don’t include created_by in the list of fields to edit, and override form_valid() to add the user:
from django.contrib.auth.mixins import LoginRequiredMixin
from django.views.generic.edit import CreateView
from myapp.models import Author
class AuthorCreateView(LoginRequiredMixin, CreateView):
model = Author
fields = ["name"]
def form_valid(self, form):
form.instance.created_by = self.request.user
return super().form_valid(form)
LoginRequiredMixin prevents users who aren’t logged in from accessing the form. If you omit that, you’ll need to handle unauthorized users in form_valid().
Here is an example showing how you might go about implementing a form that works with an API-based workflow as well as ‘normal’ form POSTs:
from django.http import JsonResponse
from django.views.generic.edit import CreateView
from myapp.models import Author
class JsonableResponseMixin:
"""
Mixin to add JSON support to a form.
Must be used with an object-based FormView (e.g. CreateView)
"""
def form_invalid(self, form):
response = super().form_invalid(form)
if self.request.accepts("text/html"):
return response
else:
return JsonResponse(form.errors, status=400)
def form_valid(self, form):
# We make sure to call the parent's form_valid() method because
# it might do some processing (in the case of CreateView, it will
# call form.save() for example).
response = super().form_valid(form)
if self.request.accepts("text/html"):
return response
else:
data = {
"pk": self.object.pk,
}
return JsonResponse(data)
class AuthorCreateView(JsonableResponseMixin, CreateView):
model = Author
fields = ["name"]
The above example assumes that if the client supports text/html, that they would prefer it. However, this may not always be true. When requesting a .css file, many browsers will send the header Accept: text/css,*/*;q=0.1, indicating that they would prefer CSS, but anything else is fine. This means request.accepts("text/html") will be True.
To determine the correct format, taking into consideration the client’s preference, use django.http.HttpRequest.get_preferred_type():
class JsonableResponseMixin:
"""
Mixin to add JSON support to a form.
Must be used with an object-based FormView (e.g. CreateView).
"""
accepted_media_types = ["text/html", "application/json"]
def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
if request.get_preferred_type(self.accepted_media_types) is None:
# No format in common.
return HttpResponse(
status_code=406, headers={"Accept": ",".join(self.accepted_media_types)}
)
return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
def form_invalid(self, form):
response = super().form_invalid(form)
accepted_type = self.request.get_preferred_type(self.accepted_media_types)
if accepted_type == "text/html":
return response
elif accepted_type == "application/json":
return JsonResponse(form.errors, status=400)
def form_valid(self, form):
# We make sure to call the parent's form_valid() method because
# it might do some processing (in the case of CreateView, it will
# call form.save() for example).
response = super().form_valid(form)
accepted_type = self.request.get_preferred_type(self.accepted_media_types)
if accepted_type == "text/html":
return response
elif accepted_type == "application/json":
data = {
"pk": self.object.pk,
}
return JsonResponse(data)
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