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Key terms | Cloud SQL Documentation

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To use Cloud SQL effectively, you should understand some of the concepts on which it is built. This page provides an overview of key terms and concepts that apply to Cloud SQL.

For an introduction to using Cloud SQL, see Cloud SQL overview.

A Cloud SQL instance corresponds to one virtual machine (VM). The VM includes the database instance and accompanying software containers to keep the database instance up and running.

A database instance is the set of software and files that operate the databases: MySQL, PostgreSQL or SQL Server.

In Cloud SQL, public IP means that the instance is accessible through the public internet. In contrast, instances using only private IP are not accessible through the public internet, but are accessible through a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC). Cloud SQL instances can have both a public and a private IP address.

Cloud SQL instances using high availability (HA) provide greater reliability than non-HA instances.

HA in Cloud SQL works by having two synchronized instances: a primary instance and a standby instance. Each instance has exactly one VM. Each instance is in a different zone in the same region.

A failover is when Cloud SQL switches serving from the original primary instance to the standby instance.

Autofailover is a mechanism that automatically triggers failover when a Cloud SQL instance didn't issue a heartbeat in the previous interval.

The standby instance is used in high availability to replace the primary instance when failover occurs. The standby instance doesn't appear in the Google Cloud console. When failover occurs, connections to the primary instance are automatically transferred to the standby instance.

When you clone a Cloud SQL instance, you create a new instance that is a copy of the source instance, but is completely independent. After cloning is complete, changes to the source instance are not reflected in the clone, and changes in the clone are not reflected in the source instance.

Replication is the ability to create copies of a Cloud SQL instance or an on-premises database, and offload work to the copies. The main reason for using replication is to scale the use of data in a database without degrading performance on the primary instance.

The read replica is an exact copy of the primary instance. Data and other changes on the primary instance are updated in almost real time on the read replica. Send your write transactions to the primary instance, and your read requests to the read replica. The read replica processes queries, read requests, and analytics traffic, thus reducing the load on the primary instance.

Replication copies transactions from a primary instance to one or more read replicas. The primary instance is also called the source server. The source server can be a Cloud SQL primary instance, or a server outside of Google Cloud, such as an on-premises server or a server running in a different cloud. If the source server is outside of Google Cloud, we call it Replication from an external server.

The Cloud SQL Auth Proxy client is open source software maintained by Cloud SQL. It connects to a companion process, the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy server, running on your Cloud SQL instance. You run the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy client on your own servers. The Cloud SQL Auth Proxy client can be used to establish a secure SSL/TLS connection to the database instance, and/or to avoid having to open the firewall. Authentication is done through Identity and Access Management (IAM).

Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2025-08-14 UTC.

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