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Quadtree | Maps SDK for iOS

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This page describes the quadtree utility that's available in the utility library for the Maps SDK for iOS.

A quadtree is a data structure that's useful for finding points near a single point, by searching inside an area surrounding the point of interest.

Using a quadtree, you can search efficiently for points within a 2D range, where those points are defined as lat/lng coordinates or as cartesian (x, y) coordinates. The quadtree stores buckets of coordinates in nodes, and indexes them by region (bounding box). To find a given coordinate pair, you traverse through the nodes of the quadtree.

The quadtree utility is part of the Maps SDK for iOS Utility Library. If you haven't yet set up the library, follow the setup guide before reading the rest of this page.

The following code creates a quadtree, then searches for all points within a given area:

import GoogleMapsUtils

class QuadTreeItem : NSObject, GQTPointQuadTreeItem {
  private let gqtPoint : GQTPoint

  init(point : GQTPoint) {
    self.gqtPoint = point
  }

  func point() -> GQTPoint {
    return gqtPoint
  }

  /// Function demonstrating how to create and use a quadtree
  private func test() {

    // Create a quadtree with bounds of [-2, -2] to [2, 2].
    let bounds = GQTBounds(minX: -2, minY: -2, maxX: 2, maxY: 2)
    guard let tree = GQTPointQuadTree(bounds: bounds) else {
      return
    }

    // Add 4 points to the tree.
    tree.add(QuadTreeItem(point: GQTPoint(x: -1, y: -1)))
    tree.add(QuadTreeItem(point: GQTPoint(x: -1, y: -1)))
    tree.add(QuadTreeItem(point: GQTPoint(x: -1, y: 1)))
    tree.add(QuadTreeItem(point: GQTPoint(x: 1, y: 1)))
    tree.add(QuadTreeItem(point: GQTPoint(x: 1, y: -1)))

    // Search for items within the rectangle with lower corner of (-1.5, -1.5)
    // and upper corner of (1.5, 1.5).
    let searchBounds = GQTBounds(minX: -1.5, minY: -1.5, maxX: 1.5, maxY: 1.5)
    for item in tree.search(with: searchBounds) as! [QuadTreeItem] {
      print("(\(item.point().x), \(item.point().y))");
    }
  }
}
      

@import GoogleMapsUtils;

@interface QuadTreeItem : NSObject<GQTPointQuadTreeItem>
- (instancetype)initWithPoint:(GQTPoint)point;
@end

@implementation QuadTreeItem {
  GQTPoint _point;
}

- (instancetype)initWithPoint:(GQTPoint)point {
  if ((self = [super init])) {
    _point = point;
  }
  return self;
}

- (GQTPoint)point {
  return _point;
}

/// Function demonstrating how to create and use a quadtree
- (void)test {
  // Create a quadtree with bounds of [-2, -2] to [2, 2].
  GQTBounds bounds = {-2, -2, 2, 2};
  GQTPointQuadTree *tree = [[GQTPointQuadTree alloc] initWithBounds:bounds];

  // Add 4 points to the tree.
  [tree add:[[QuadTreeItem alloc] initWithPoint:(GQTPoint){-1, -1}]];
  [tree add:[[QuadTreeItem alloc] initWithPoint:(GQTPoint){-1, 1}]];
  [tree add:[[QuadTreeItem alloc] initWithPoint:(GQTPoint){1, 1}]];
  [tree add:[[QuadTreeItem alloc] initWithPoint:(GQTPoint){1, -1}]];

  // Search for items within the rectangle with lower corner of (-1.5, -1.5)
  // and upper corner of (1.5, 1.5).
  NSArray *foundItems = [tree searchWithBounds:(GQTBounds){-1.5, -1.5, 1.5, 1.5}];

  for (QuadTreeItem *item in foundItems) {
    NSLog(@"(%lf, %lf)", item.point.x, item.point.y);
  }
}

@end
      

Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2025-07-23 UTC.

[[["Easy to understand","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Solved my problem","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Other","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Missing the information I need","missingTheInformationINeed","thumb-down"],["Too complicated / too many steps","tooComplicatedTooManySteps","thumb-down"],["Out of date","outOfDate","thumb-down"],["Samples / code issue","samplesCodeIssue","thumb-down"],["Other","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["Last updated 2025-07-23 UTC."],[[["This page explains the quadtree utility within the Maps SDK for iOS Utility Library, a data structure for efficiently finding nearby points."],["Quadtrees enable searching for points within a 2D range using latitude/longitude or cartesian coordinates by indexing them by region."],["To use the quadtree, you must first set up the Maps SDK for iOS Utility Library as a prerequisite."],["Code examples are provided to demonstrate creating a quadtree, adding points, and searching for points within a specified area in both Swift and Objective-C."]]],[]]

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