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The ML.ROC_CURVE function | BigQuery

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This document describes the ML.ROC_CURVE function, which you can use to evaluate binary class classification specific metrics.

ML.ROC_CURVE(
  MODEL `PROJECT_ID.DATASET.MODEL_NAME`,
  { TABLE `PROJECT_ID.DATASET.TABLE` | (QUERY_STATEMENT) },
  [, GENERATE_ARRAY(THRESHOLDS)]
  [, STRUCT(TRIAL_ID AS trial_id)])

ML.ROC_CURVE takes the following arguments:

• PROJECT_ID: the project that contains the resource.
• DATASET: the dataset that contains the resource.
• MODEL: the name of the model.

• TABLE: the name of the input table that contains the evaluation data.

  If TABLE is specified, the input column names in the table must match the column names in the model, and their types should be compatible according to BigQuery implicit coercion rules. The input must have a column that matches the label column name that's provided during training. This value is provided using the input_label_cols option. If input_label_cols is unspecified, the column that's named label in the training data is used.

  If you don't specify either TABLE or QUERY_STATEMENT, ML.ROC_CURVE computes the curve results as follows:

  • If the data is split during training, the split evaluation data is used to compute the curve results.
  • If the data is not split during training, the entire training input is used to compute the curve results.

• QUERY_STATEMENT: a GoogleSQL query that is used to generate the evaluation data. For the supported SQL syntax of the QUERY_STATEMENT clause in GoogleSQL, see Query syntax.

  If QUERY_STATEMENT is specified, the input column names from the query must match the column names in the model, and their types should be compatible according to BigQuery implicit coercion rules. The input must have a column that matches the label column name provided during training. This value is provided using the input_label_cols option. If input_label_cols is unspecified, the column named label in the training data is used. The extra columns are ignored.

  If you used the TRANSFORM clause in the CREATE MODEL statement that created the model, then only the input columns present in the TRANSFORM clause must appear in QUERY_STATEMENT.

  If you don't specify either table or QUERY_STATEMENT, ML.ROC_CURVE computes the curve results as follows:

  • If the data is split during training, the split evaluation data is used to compute the curve results.
  • If the data is not split during training, the entire training input is used to compute the curve results.

• THRESHOLDS: an ARRAY<FLOAT64> value that specifies the percentile values of the prediction output supplied by the GENERATE_ARRAY function.

• TRIAL_ID: an INT64 value that identifies the hyperparameter tuning trial that you want the function to evaluate. The function uses the optimal trial by default. Only specify this argument if you ran hyperparameter tuning when creating the model.

ML.ROC_CURVE returns multiple rows with metrics for different threshold values for the model. The metrics include the following:

• threshold: a FLOAT64 value that contains the custom threshold for the binary class classification model.
• recall: a FLOAT64 value that indicates the proportion of actual positive cases that were correctly predicted by the model.
• true_positives: an INT64 value that contains the number of cases correctly predicted as positive by the model.
• false_positives: an INT64 value that contains the number of cases incorrectly predicted as positive by the model.
• true_negatives: an INT64 value that contains the number of cases correctly predicted as negative by the model.
• false_negatives: an INT64 value that contains the number of cases incorrectly predicted as negative by the model.

The following examples assume your model and input table are in your default project.

The following query returns all of the output columns for ML.ROC_CURVE. You can graph the recall and false_positive_rate values for an ROC curve. The threshold values returned are chosen based on the percentile values of the prediction output.

SELECT
  *
FROM
  ML.ROC_CURVE(MODEL `mydataset.mymodel`,
    TABLE `mydataset.mytable`)

The following query returns all of the output columns for ML.ROC_CURVE. The threshold values returned are chosen based on the output of the GENERATE_ARRAY function.

SELECT
  *
FROM
  ML.ROC_CURVE(MODEL `mydataset.mymodel`,
    TABLE `mydataset.mytable`,
    GENERATE_ARRAY(0.4,0.6,0.01))

Instead of getting an ROC curve (the recall versus false positive rate), the following query calculates a precision-recall curve by using the precision from the true and false positive counts:

SELECT
  recall,
  true_positives / (true_positives + false_positives) AS precision
FROM
  ML.ROC_CURVE(MODEL `mydataset.mymodel`,
    TABLE `mydataset.mytable`)

• For information about model evaluation, see BigQuery ML model evaluation overview.
• For information about the supported SQL statements and functions for each model type, see End-to-end user journey for each model.

Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2025-08-07 UTC.

[[["Easy to understand","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Solved my problem","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Other","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Hard to understand","hardToUnderstand","thumb-down"],["Incorrect information or sample code","incorrectInformationOrSampleCode","thumb-down"],["Missing the information/samples I need","missingTheInformationSamplesINeed","thumb-down"],["Other","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["Last updated 2025-08-07 UTC."],[[["The `ML.ROC_CURVE` function is used to evaluate binary class classification models by returning metrics for different threshold values."],["This function requires a model, and either an input table or a query to generate evaluation data, ensuring that column names and types match those in the model."],["Users can specify custom threshold values using the `GENERATE_ARRAY` function to control the percentile values of the prediction output."],["The output includes metrics like threshold, recall, true positives, false positives, true negatives, and false negatives, which can be used to generate an ROC curve or a precision-recall curve."]]],[]]

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