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Showing content from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/writing-mode below:

writing-mode - CSS | MDN

writing-mode: horizontal-tb;

writing-mode: vertical-lr;

writing-mode: vertical-rl;

writing-mode: sideways-rl;

writing-mode: sideways-lr;

<section class="default-example" id="default-example">
  <div class="transition-all" id="example-element">
    <div>1</div>
    <div>2</div>
    <div>3</div>
    <div>4</div>
  </div>
</section>

#example-element {
  border: 1px solid #c5c5c5;
  padding: 0.75em;
  width: 80%;
  max-height: 300px;
  display: flex;
}

#example-element > div {
  background-color: rgb(0 0 255 / 0.2);
  border: 3px solid blue;
  margin: 10px;
  flex: 1;
}

This property specifies the block flow direction, which is the direction in which block-level containers are stacked, and the direction in which inline-level content flows within a block container. Thus, it also determines the ordering of block-level content.

Syntax

/* Keyword values */
writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
writing-mode: vertical-rl;
writing-mode: vertical-lr;
writing-mode: sideways-rl;
writing-mode: sideways-lr;

/* Global values */
writing-mode: inherit;
writing-mode: initial;
writing-mode: revert;
writing-mode: revert-layer;
writing-mode: unset;

The writing-mode property is specified as one of the values listed below. The flow direction in horizontal scripts is also affected by the directionality of that script, either left-to-right (ltr, like English and most other languages) or right-to-left (rtl, like Hebrew or Arabic).

Values

horizontal-tb: For ltr scripts, content flows horizontally from left to right. For rtl scripts, content flows horizontally from right to left. The next horizontal line is positioned below the previous line.
vertical-rl: For ltr scripts, content flows vertically from top to bottom, and the next vertical line is positioned to the left of the previous line. For rtl scripts, content flows vertically from bottom to top, and the next vertical line is positioned to the right of the previous line.
vertical-lr: For ltr scripts, content flows vertically from top to bottom, and the next vertical line is positioned to the right of the previous line. For rtl scripts, content flows vertically from bottom to top, and the next vertical line is positioned to the left of the previous line.
sideways-rl: For ltr scripts, content flows vertically from top to bottom. For rtl scripts, content flows vertically from bottom to top. All the glyphs, even those in vertical scripts, are set sideways toward the right.
sideways-lr: For ltr scripts, content flows vertically from bottom to top. For rtl scripts, content flows vertically from top to bottom. All the glyphs, even those in vertical scripts, are set sideways toward the left.
lr: Deprecated except for SVG1 documents. For CSS, use horizontal-tb instead.
lr-tb: Deprecated except for SVG1 documents. For CSS, use horizontal-tb instead.
rl: Deprecated except for SVG1 documents. For CSS, use horizontal-tb instead.
tb: Deprecated except for SVG1 documents. For CSS, use vertical-lr instead.
tb-lr Deprecated: Deprecated except for SVG1 documents. For CSS, use vertical-lr instead.
tb-rl: Deprecated except for SVG1 documents. For CSS, use vertical-rl instead.

Formal definition Formal syntax

writing-mode = 
  horizontal-tb  |
  vertical-rl    |
  vertical-lr    |
  sideways-rl    |
  sideways-lr

Examples Using multiple writing modes

This example demonstrates all of the writing modes, showing each with text in various languages.

HTML

The HTML is a <table> with each writing mode in a row with a column showing text in various scripts using that writing mode.

<table>
  <caption>
    Using multiple writing modes
  </caption>
  <tr>
    <th>Value</th>
    <th>Vertical script</th>
    <th>Horizontal (LTR) script</th>
    <th>Horizontal (RTL) script</th>
    <th>Mixed script</th>
  </tr>
  <tr class="text1">
    <th>horizontal-tb</th>
    <td>æå®¶æ²¡æçµèã</td>
    <td>Example text</td>
    <td>××× ××¨×× ××××××</td>
    <td>1994å¹´ã«è³ã£ã¦ã¯</td>
  </tr>
  <tr class="text2">
    <th>vertical-lr</th>
    <td>æå®¶æ²¡æçµèã</td>
    <td>Example text</td>
    <td>××× ××¨×× ××××××</td>
    <td>1994å¹´ã«è³ã£ã¦ã¯</td>
  </tr>
  <tr class="text3">
    <th>vertical-rl</th>
    <td>æå®¶æ²¡æçµèã</td>
    <td>Example text</td>
    <td>××× ××¨×× ××××××</td>
    <td>1994å¹´ã«è³ã£ã¦ã¯</td>
  </tr>
  <tr class="experimental text4">
    <th>sideways-lr</th>
    <td>æå®¶æ²¡æçµèã</td>
    <td>Example text</td>
    <td>××× ××¨×× ××××××</td>
    <td>1994å¹´ã«è³ã£ã¦ã¯</td>
  </tr>
  <tr class="experimental text5">
    <th>sideways-rl</th>
    <td>æå®¶æ²¡æçµèã</td>
    <td>Example text</td>
    <td>××× ××¨×× ××××××</td>
    <td>1994å¹´ã«è³ã£ã¦ã¯</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<p class="notice">
  Your browser does not support the <code>sideways-lr</code> or
  <code>sideways-rl</code> values.
</p>

CSS

table {
  border-collapse: collapse;
}
td,
th {
  border: 2px black solid;
  padding: 4px;
}
th {
  background-color: lightgray;
}

.experimental {
  display: none;
}

.notice {
  display: table-row;
  font-weight: bold;
  text-align: center;
}

@supports (writing-mode: sideways-lr) {
  .experimental {
    display: table-row;
  }
  .notice {
    display: none;
  }
}

The CSS that adjusts the directionality of the content looks like this:

.text1 td {
  writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
}

.text2 td {
  writing-mode: vertical-lr;
}

.text3 td {
  writing-mode: vertical-rl;
}

.text4 td {
  writing-mode: sideways-lr;
}

.text5 td {
  writing-mode: sideways-rl;
}

Result Using writing-mode with transforms

If your browser doesn't support sideways-lr, a workaround is to use transform to achieve a similar effect depending on the script direction. The effect of vertical-rl is the same as with sideways-lr, so no transformation is required for left-to-right scripts. In some cases, rotating the text 180 degrees is sufficient to achieve the effect of sideways-lr, but font glyphs may not be designed to be rotated, so this may produce unexpected positioning or rendering.

HTML

<table>
  <caption>
    Using writing-mode with transforms
  </caption>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Vertical LR</th>
      <th>Vertical LR with transform</th>
      <th>Sideways LR</th>
      <th>Only rotate</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>
        <span class="vertical-lr">æå®¶æ²¡æçµèã</span>
        <span class="vertical-lr">Example text</span>
      </td>
      <td>
        <span class="vertical-lr rotated">æå®¶æ²¡æçµèã</span>
        <span class="vertical-lr rotated">Example text</span>
      </td>
      <td>
        <span class="sideways-lr">æå®¶æ²¡æçµèã</span>
        <span class="sideways-lr">Example text</span>
      </td>
      <td>
        <span class="only-rotate">æå®¶æ²¡æçµèã</span>
        <span class="only-rotate">Example text</span>
      </td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

CSS

.vertical-lr {
  writing-mode: vertical-lr;
}

.rotated {
  transform: rotate(180deg);
}

.sideways-lr {
  writing-mode: sideways-lr;
}

.only-rotate {
  inline-size: fit-content;
  transform: rotate(-90deg);
}

table {
  border-collapse: collapse;
}
td,
th {
  border: 2px black solid;
  padding: 4px;
}
th {
  background-color: lightgray;
}
span {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 1.5em;
  text-align: center;
}

Result Specifications Browser compatibility

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