WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) is a technology that enables Web applications and sites to capture and optionally stream audio and/or video media, as well as to exchange arbitrary data between browsers without requiring an intermediary. The set of standards that comprise WebRTC makes it possible to share data and perform teleconferencing peer-to-peer, without requiring that the user install plug-ins or any other third-party software.
WebRTC consists of several interrelated APIs and protocols which work together to achieve this. The documentation you'll find here will help you understand the fundamentals of WebRTC, how to set up and use both data and media connections, and more.
WebRTC concepts and usageWebRTC serves multiple purposes; together with the Media Capture and Streams API, they provide powerful multimedia capabilities to the Web, including support for audio and video conferencing, file exchange, screen sharing, identity management, and interfacing with legacy telephone systems including support for sending DTMF (touch-tone dialing) signals. Connections between peers can be made without requiring any special drivers or plug-ins, and can often be made without any intermediary servers.
Connections between two peers are represented by the RTCPeerConnection interface. Once a connection has been established and opened using RTCPeerConnection, media streams (MediaStreams) and/or data channels (RTCDataChannels) can be added to the connection.
Media streams can consist of any number of tracks of media information; tracks, which are represented by objects based on the MediaStreamTrack interface, may contain one of a number of types of media data, including audio, video, and text (such as subtitles or even chapter names). Most streams consist of at least one audio track and likely also a video track, and can be used to send and receive both live media or stored media information (such as a streamed movie).
You can also use the connection between two peers to exchange arbitrary binary data using the RTCDataChannel interface. This can be used for back-channel information, metadata exchange, game status packets, file transfers, or even as a primary channel for data transfer.
WebRTC is in general well supported in modern browsers, but some incompatibilities remain. The adapter.js library is a shim to insulate apps from these incompatibilities.
WebRTC referenceBecause WebRTC provides interfaces that work together to accomplish a variety of tasks, we have divided up the reference by category. Please see the sidebar for an alphabetical list.
Connection setup and managementThese interfaces, dictionaries, and types are used to set up, open, and manage WebRTC connections. Included are interfaces representing peer media connections, data channels, and interfaces used when exchanging information on the capabilities of each peer in order to select the best possible configuration for a two-way media connection.
InterfacesRTCPeerConnection
Represents a WebRTC connection between the local computer and a remote peer. It is used to handle efficient streaming of data between the two peers.
RTCDataChannel
Represents a bi-directional data channel between two peers of a connection.
RTCDataChannelEvent
Represents events that occur while attaching a RTCDataChannel to a RTCPeerConnection. The only event sent with this interface is datachannel.
RTCSessionDescription
Represents the parameters of a session. Each RTCSessionDescription consists of a description type indicating which part of the offer/answer negotiation process it describes and of the SDP descriptor of the session.
RTCStatsReport
Provides information detailing statistics for a connection or for an individual track on the connection; the report can be obtained by calling RTCPeerConnection.getStats().
RTCIceCandidate
Represents a candidate Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) server for establishing an RTCPeerConnection.
RTCIceTransport
Represents information about an ICE transport.
RTCPeerConnectionIceEvent
Represents events that occur in relation to ICE candidates with the target, usually an RTCPeerConnection. Only one event is of this type: icecandidate.
RTCRtpSender
Manages the encoding and transmission of data for a MediaStreamTrack on an RTCPeerConnection.
RTCRtpReceiver
Manages the reception and decoding of data for a MediaStreamTrack on an RTCPeerConnection.
RTCTrackEvent
The interface used to represent a track event, which indicates that an RTCRtpReceiver object was added to the RTCPeerConnection object, indicating that a new incoming MediaStreamTrack was created and added to the RTCPeerConnection.
RTCSctpTransport
Provides information which describes a Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) transport and also provides a way to access the underlying Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) transport over which SCTP packets for all of an RTCPeerConnection's data channels are sent and received.
bufferedamountlow
The amount of data currently buffered by the data channelâas indicated by its bufferedAmount propertyâhas decreased to be at or below the channel's minimum buffered data size, as specified by bufferedAmountLowThreshold.
close
The data channel has completed the closing process and is now in the closed state. Its underlying data transport is completely closed at this point. You can be notified before closing completes by watching for the closing event instead.
closing
The RTCDataChannel has transitioned to the closing state, indicating that it will be closed soon. You can detect the completion of the closing process by watching for the close event.
connectionstatechange
The connection's state, which can be accessed in connectionState, has changed.
datachannel
A new RTCDataChannel is available following the remote peer opening a new data channel. This event's type is RTCDataChannelEvent.
error
An RTCErrorEvent indicating that an error occurred on the data channel.
error
An RTCErrorEvent indicating that an error occurred on the RTCDtlsTransport. This error will be either dtls-failure or fingerprint-failure.
gatheringstatechange
The RTCIceTransport's gathering state has changed.
icecandidate
An RTCPeerConnectionIceEvent which is sent whenever the local device has identified a new ICE candidate which needs to be added to the local peer by calling setLocalDescription().
icecandidateerror
An RTCPeerConnectionIceErrorEvent indicating that an error has occurred while gathering ICE candidates.
iceconnectionstatechange
Sent to an RTCPeerConnection when its ICE connection's stateâfound in the iceConnectionState propertyâchanges.
icegatheringstatechange
Sent to an RTCPeerConnection when its ICE gathering stateâfound in the iceGatheringState propertyâchanges.
message
A message has been received on the data channel. The event is of type MessageEvent.
negotiationneeded
Informs the RTCPeerConnection that it needs to perform session negotiation by calling createOffer() followed by setLocalDescription().
open
The underlying data transport for the RTCDataChannel has been successfully opened or re-opened.
selectedcandidatepairchange
The currently-selected pair of ICE candidates has changed for the RTCIceTransport on which the event is fired.
track
The track event, of type RTCTrackEvent is sent to an RTCPeerConnection when a new track is added to the connection following the successful negotiation of the media's streaming.
signalingstatechange
Sent to the peer connection when its signalingState has changed. This happens as a result of a call to either setLocalDescription() or setRemoteDescription().
statechange
The state of the RTCDtlsTransport has changed.
statechange
The state of the RTCIceTransport has changed.
statechange
The state of the RTCSctpTransport has changed.
rtctransform
An encoded video or audio frame is ready to process using a transform stream in a worker.
RTCSctpTransport.state
Indicates the state of an RTCSctpTransport instance.
These APIs are used to manage user identity and security, in order to authenticate the user for a connection.
RTCIdentityProvider
Enables a user agent is able to request that an identity assertion be generated or validated.
RTCIdentityAssertion
Represents the identity of the remote peer of the current connection. If no peer has yet been set and verified this interface returns null. Once set it can't be changed.
RTCIdentityProviderRegistrar
Registers an identity provider (idP).
RTCCertificate
Represents a certificate that an RTCPeerConnection uses to authenticate.
These interfaces and events are related to interactivity with Public-Switched Telephone Networks (PSTNs). They're primarily used to send tone dialing soundsâor packets representing those tonesâacross the network to the remote peer.
InterfacesRTCDTMFSender
Manages the encoding and transmission of Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signaling for an RTCPeerConnection.
RTCDTMFToneChangeEvent
Used by the tonechange event to indicate that a DTMF tone has either begun or ended. This event does not bubble (except where otherwise stated) and is not cancelable (except where otherwise stated).
tonechange
Either a new DTMF tone has begun to play over the connection, or the last tone in the RTCDTMFSender's toneBuffer has been sent and the buffer is now empty. The event's type is RTCDTMFToneChangeEvent.
These interfaces and events are used to process incoming and outgoing encoded video and audio frames using a transform stream running in a worker.
InterfacesRTCRtpScriptTransform
An interface for inserting transform stream(s) running in a worker into the RTC pipeline.
RTCRtpScriptTransformer
The worker-side counterpart of an RTCRtpScriptTransform that passes options from the main thread, along with a readable stream and writeable stream that can be used to pipe encoded frames through a TransformStream.
RTCEncodedVideoFrame
Represents an encoded video frame to be transformed in the RTC pipeline.
RTCEncodedAudioFrame
Represents an encoded audio frame to be transformed in the RTC pipeline.
RTCRtpReceiver.transform
A property used to insert a transform stream into the receiver pipeline for incoming encoded video and audio frames.
RTCRtpSender.transform
A property used to insert a transform stream into the sender pipeline for outgoing encoded video and audio frames.
rtctransform
An RTC transform is ready to run in the worker, or an encoded video or audio frame is ready to process.
This article introduces the protocols on top of which the WebRTC API is built.
A guide to how WebRTC connections work and how the various protocols and interfaces can be used together to build powerful communication apps.
WebRTC lets you build peer-to-peer communication of arbitrary data, audio, or videoâor any combination thereofâinto a browser application. In this article, we'll look at the lifetime of a WebRTC session, from establishing the connection all the way through closing the connection when it's no longer needed.
Perfect negotiation is a design pattern which is recommended for your signaling process to follow, which provides transparency in negotiation while allowing both sides to be either the offerer or the answerer, without significant coding needed to differentiate the two.
A tutorial and example which turns a WebSocket-based chat system created for a previous example and adds support for opening video calls among participants. The chat server's WebSocket connection is used for WebRTC signaling.
A guide to the codecs which WebRTC requires browsers to support as well as the optional ones supported by various popular browsers. Included is a guide to help you choose the best codecs for your needs.
This guide covers how you can use a peer connection and an associated RTCDataChannel to exchange arbitrary data between two peers.
WebRTC's support for interacting with gateways that link to old-school telephone systems includes support for sending DTMF tones using the RTCDTMFSender interface. This guide shows how to do so.
This guide shows how a web application can modify incoming and outgoing WebRTC encoded video and audio frames, using a TransformStream running into a worker.
The WebRTC organization provides on GitHub the WebRTC adapter to work around compatibility issues in different browsers' WebRTC implementations. The adapter is a JavaScript shim which lets your code to be written to the specification so that it will "just work" in all browsers with WebRTC support.
The RTCDataChannel interface is a feature which lets you open a channel between two peers over which you may send and receive arbitrary data. The API is intentionally similar to the WebSocket API, so that the same programming model can be used for each.
This tutorial is a step-by-step guide on how to build a phone using Peer.js
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