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rotate3d() - CSS | MDN

rotate3d()

Baseline Widely available

The rotate3d() CSS function defines a transformation that rotates an element around a fixed axis in 3D space, without deforming it. Its result is a <transform-function> data type.

Try it

transform: rotate3d(0, 0, 0, 0);

transform: rotate3d(1, 1, 1, 45deg);

transform: rotate3d(2, -1, -1, -0.2turn);

transform: rotate3d(0, 1, 0.5, 3.142rad);

<section class="default-example" id="default-example">
  <div class="transition-all" id="example-element">
    <div class="face front">1</div>
    <div class="face back">2</div>
    <div class="face right">3</div>
    <div class="face left">4</div>
    <div class="face top">5</div>
    <div class="face bottom">6</div>
  </div>
</section>

#default-example {
  background: linear-gradient(skyblue, khaki);
  perspective: 550px;
}

#example-element {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  transform-style: preserve-3d;
}

.face {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  position: absolute;
  backface-visibility: inherit;
  font-size: 60px;
  color: white;
}

.front {
  background: rgb(90 90 90 / 0.7);
  transform: translateZ(50px);
}

.back {
  background: rgb(0 210 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(180deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.right {
  background: rgb(210 0 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.left {
  background: rgb(0 0 210 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(-90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.top {
  background: rgb(210 210 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateX(90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.bottom {
  background: rgb(210 0 210 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateX(-90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

In 3D space, rotations have three degrees of freedom, which together describe a single axis of rotation. The axis of rotation is defined by an [x, y, z] vector and pass by the origin (as defined by the transform-origin property). If, as specified, the vector is not normalized (i.e., if the sum of the square of its three coordinates is not 1), the user agent will normalize it internally. A non-normalizable vector, such as the null vector, [0, 0, 0], will cause the rotation to be ignored, but without invalidating the whole CSS property.

Note: Unlike rotations in the 2D plane, the composition of 3D rotations is usually not commutative. In other words, the order in which the rotations are applied impacts the result.

Syntax Values

x: Is a <number> describing the x-coordinate of the vector denoting the axis of rotation which can be a positive or negative number.
y: Is a <number> describing the y-coordinate of the vector denoting the axis of rotation which can be a positive or negative number.
z: Is a <number> describing the z-coordinate of the vector denoting the axis of rotation which can be a positive or negative number.
a: Is an <angle> representing the angle of the rotation. A positive angle denotes a clockwise rotation, a negative angle a counter-clockwise one.

Cartesian coordinates on â^2 This transformation applies to the 3D space and can't be represented on the plane. Homogeneous coordinates on ââ^2 Cartesian coordinates on â^3 ( 1 + ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) ( x2 â 1 ) z â sin ( a ) + x y ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) â y â sin ( a ) + x z ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) â z â sin ( a ) + x y ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) 1 + ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) ( y2 â 1 ) x â sin ( a ) + y z ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) y â sin ( a ) + x z ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) â x â sin ( a ) + y z ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) 1 + ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) ( z2 â 1 ) ) \begin{pmatrix}1 + (1 - \cos(a))(x^2 - 1) & z\cdot \sin(a) + xy(1 - \cos(a)) & -y\cdot \sin(a) + xz(1 - \cos(a))\\-z\cdot \sin(a) + xy(1 - \cos(a)) & 1 + (1 - \cos(a))(y^2 - 1) & x\cdot \sin(a) + yz(1 - \cos(a))\\y\cdot \sin(a) + xz(1 - \cos(a)) & -x\cdot \sin(a) + yz(1 - \cos(a)) & 1 + (1 - \cos(a))(z^2 - 1)\end{pmatrix} Homogeneous coordinates on ââ^3 ( 1 + ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) ( x2 â 1 ) z â sin ( a ) + x y ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) â y â sin ( a ) + x z ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) 0 â z â sin ( a ) + x y ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) 1 + ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) ( y2 â 1 ) x â sin ( a ) + y z ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) 0 y â sin ( a ) + x z ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) â x â sin ( a ) + y z ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) 1 + ( 1 â cos ( a ) ) ( z2 â 1 ) 0 0 0 0 1 ) \begin{pmatrix}1 + (1 - \cos(a))(x^2 - 1) & z\cdot \sin(a) + xy(1 - \cos(a)) & -y\cdot \sin(a) + xz(1 - \cos(a)) & 0\\-z\cdot \sin(a) + xy(1 - \cos(a)) & 1 + (1 - \cos(a))(y^2 - 1) & x\cdot \sin(a) + yz(1 - \cos(a)) & 0\\y\cdot \sin(a) + xz(1 - \cos(a)) & -x\cdot \sin(a) + yz(1 - \cos(a)) & 1 + (1 - \cos(a))(z^2 - 1) & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & 1\end{pmatrix} Formal syntax

<rotate3d()> = 
  rotate3d( <number> , <number> , <number> , [ <angle> | <zero> ] )

Examples Rotating on the y-axis HTML

<div>Normal</div>
<div class="rotated">Rotated</div>

CSS

body {
  perspective: 800px;
}

div {
  width: 80px;
  height: 80px;
  background-color: skyblue;
}

.rotated {
  transform: rotate3d(0, 1, 0, 60deg);
  background-color: pink;
}

Result Rotating on a custom axis HTML

<div>Normal</div>
<div class="rotated">Rotated</div>

CSS

body {
  perspective: 800px;
}

div {
  width: 80px;
  height: 80px;
  background-color: skyblue;
}

.rotated {
  transform: rotate3d(1, 2, -1, 192deg);
  background-color: pink;
}

Result Specifications Browser compatibility See also

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