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Showing content from https://cplusplus.com/reference/ios/ios_base/failure/ below:

public member class

std::ios_base::failure

Base class for stream exceptions

This embedded class inherits from

exception

and serves as the base class for the

exceptions

thrown by the elements of the standard input/output library.

It is defined as:

class ios_base::failure : public exception {
public:
  explicit failure (const string& msg);
  virtual ~failure();
  virtual const char* what() const throw();
}

Member

what

returns the

msg

with which the exception is constructed.

The specific value for msg is entirely implementation-defined.

This embedded class inherits from

system_error

and serves as the base class for the

exceptions

thrown by the elements of the standard input/output library.

It is defined as:

class ios_base::failure : public system_error {
public:
  explicit failure (const string& msg, const error_code& ec = io_errc::stream);
  explicit failure (const char*   msg, const error_code& ec = io_errc::stream);
}

These errors are typically categorized either in the

iostream_category

(if they relate to the operations of the library) or in the

system_category

(if the error arises from the system). Although the specifics are implementation-defined.

The library implementation may use values of type io_errc to portably identify error conditions of the iostream_category.

Member functions Inherited from exception

what: Get string identifying exception (public member function)

Inherited from system_error

code: Get error code (public member function)

what: Get message associated to exception (public member function)