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Showing content from https://cplusplus.com/reference/exception/nested_exception/ below:

class

<exception>

Nested exception class

A class that derives from both this class and some other exception class, that can hold the properties of both the currently handled exception (as its nested exception) and this other exception (its outer exception).

Objects with nested exceptions are generally constructed by calling throw_with_nested with the outer exception object as argument. The returned object has the same properties and members as the outer exception, but carry additional information related to the nested exception and includes two member functions to access this nested exception: nested_ptr and rethrow_nested.

It is declared as:

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class nested_exception {
public:
  nested_exception() noexcept;
  nested_exception (const nested_exception&) noexcept = default;
  nested_exception& operator= (const nested_exception&) noexcept = default;
  virtual ~nested_exception() = default;

  [[noreturn]] void rethrow_nested() const;
  exception_ptr nested_ptr() const noexcept;
}

(constructor)

Construct nested_exception (public member function)

rethrow_nested

Rethrow nested exception (public member function)

nested_ptr

Get exception_ptr to nested exception (function)

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// nested_exception example
#include <iostream>       // std::cerr
#include <exception>      // std::exception, std::throw_with_nested, std::rethrow_if_nested
#include <stdexcept>      // std::logic_error

// recursively print exception whats:
void print_what (const std::exception& e) {
  std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
  try {
    std::rethrow_if_nested(e);
  } catch (const std::exception& nested) {
    std::cerr << "nested: ";
    print_what(nested);
  }
}

// throws an exception nested in another:
void throw_nested() {
  try {
    throw std::logic_error ("first");
  } catch (const std::exception& e) {
    std::throw_with_nested(std::logic_error("second"));
  }
}

int main () {
  try {
    throw_nested();
  } catch (std::exception& e) {
    print_what(e);
  }

  return 0;
}

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