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Showing content from https://cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/namespaces/ below:

An entity declared outside any block has global scope, meaning that its name is valid anywhere in the code. While an entity declared within a block, such as a function or a selective statement, has block scope, and is only visible within the specific block in which it is declared, but not outside it.

Variables with block scope are known as local variables.

For example, a variable declared in the body of a function is a local variable that extends until the end of the the function (i.e., until the brace } that closes the function definition), but not outside it:

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int foo;        // global variable

int some_function ()
{
  int bar;      // local variable
  bar = 0;
}

int other_function ()
{
  foo = 1;  // ok: foo is a global variable
  bar = 2;  // wrong: bar is not visible from this function
}

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int some_function ()
{
  int x;
  x = 0;
  double x;   // wrong: name already used in this scope
  x = 0.0;
}

// inner block scopes
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main () {
  int x = 10;
  int y = 20;
  {
    int x;   // ok, inner scope.
    x = 50;  // sets value to inner x
    y = 50;  // sets value to (outer) y
    cout << "inner block:\n";
    cout << "x: " << x << '\n';
    cout << "y: " << y << '\n';
  }
  cout << "outer block:\n";
  cout << "x: " << x << '\n';
  cout << "y: " << y << '\n';
  return 0;
}

inner block:
x: 50
y: 50
outer block:
x: 10
y: 50

Variables declared in declarations that introduce a block, such as function parameters and variables declared in loops and conditions (such as those declared on a for or an if) are local to the block they introduce.

But non-local names bring more possibilities for name collision, especially considering that libraries may declare many functions, types, and variables, neither of them local in nature, and some of them very generic.

Namespaces allow us to group named entities that otherwise would have global scope into narrower scopes, giving them namespace scope. This allows organizing the elements of programs into different logical scopes referred to by names.

The syntax to declare a namespaces is:

namespace identifier
{
  named_entities
}

Where identifier is any valid identifier and named_entities is the set of variables, types and functions that are included within the namespace. For example:

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namespace myNamespace
{
  int a, b;
}

These variables can be accessed from within their namespace normally, with their identifier (either a or b), but if accessed from outside the myNamespace namespace they have to be properly qualified with the scope operator ::. For example, to access the previous variables from outside myNamespace they should be qualified like:

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myNamespace::a
myNamespace::b

// namespaces
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

namespace foo
{
  int value() { return 5; }
}

namespace bar
{
  const double pi = 3.1416;
  double value() { return 2*pi; }
}

int main () {
  cout << foo::value() << '\n';
  cout << bar::value() << '\n';
  cout << bar::pi << '\n';
  return 0;
}

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6.2832
3.1416

Namespaces can be split: Two segments of a code can be declared in the same namespace:

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namespace foo { int a; }
namespace bar { int b; }
namespace foo { int c; }

// using
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

namespace first
{
  int x = 5;
  int y = 10;
}

namespace second
{
  double x = 3.1416;
  double y = 2.7183;
}

int main () {
  using first::x;
  using second::y;
  cout << x << '\n';
  cout << y << '\n';
  cout << first::y << '\n';
  cout << second::x << '\n';
  return 0;
}

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2.7183
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3.1416

The keyword using can also be used as a directive to introduce an entire namespace:

// using
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

namespace first
{
  int x = 5;
  int y = 10;
}

namespace second
{
  double x = 3.1416;
  double y = 2.7183;
}

int main () {
  using namespace first;
  cout << x << '\n';
  cout << y << '\n';
  cout << second::x << '\n';
  cout << second::y << '\n';
  return 0;
}

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2.7183

using and using namespace have validity only in the same block in which they are stated or in the entire source code file if they are used directly in the global scope. For example, it would be possible to first use the objects of one namespace and then those of another one by splitting the code in different blocks:

// using namespace example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

namespace first
{
  int x = 5;
}

namespace second
{
  double x = 3.1416;
}

int main () {
  {
    using namespace first;
    cout << x << '\n';
  }
  {
    using namespace second;
    cout << x << '\n';
  }
  return 0;
}

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namespace new_name = current_name;

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cout << "Hello world!";

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std::cout << "Hello world!";

But there is another substantial difference between variables with static storage and variables with automatic storage:

For example:

// static vs automatic storage
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int x;

int main ()
{
  int y;
  cout << x << '\n';
  cout << y << '\n';
  return 0;
}

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