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Transformation URL API Reference | Documentation

The Transformation URL API enables you to deliver media assets, including a large variety of on-the-fly transformations through the use of URL parameters. This reference provides comprehensive coverage of all available URL transformation parameters, including syntax, value details, and examples.

The default Cloudinary asset delivery URL has the following structure:

https://res.cloudinary.com/<cloud_name>/<asset_type>/<delivery_type>/<transformations>/<version>/<public_id_full_path>.<extension>

This reference covers the parameters and corresponding options and values that can be used in the <transformations> element of the URL. It also covers the <extension> element.

For information on other elements of the URL, see Transformation URL syntax.

The transformation names and syntax shown in this reference refer to the URL API.

Depending on the Cloudinary SDK you use, the names and syntax for the same transformation may be different. Therefore, all of the transformation examples in this reference also include the code for generating the example delivery URL from your chosen SDK.

The SDKs additionally provide a variety of helper methods to simplify the building of the transformation URL as well as other built-in capabilities. You can find more information about these in the relevant SDK guides.

There are two types of transformation parameters:

• Action parameters: Parameters that perform a specific transformation on the asset.
• Qualifier parameters: Parameters that do not perform an action on their own, but rather alter the default behavior or otherwise adjust the outcome of the corresponding action parameter.

See the Transformation Guide for additional guidelines and best practices regarding parameter types.

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Although not a transformation parameter belonging to the <transformation> element of the URL, the extension of the URL can transform the format of the delivered asset, in the same way as f_<supported format>.

If f_<supported format> or f_<auto> are not specified in the URL, the format is determined by the extension. If no format or extension is specified, then the asset is delivered in its originally uploaded format.

• If using an SDK to generate your URL, you can control the extension using the format parameter, or by adding the extension to the public ID.
• If using a raw transformation, for example to define an eager or named transformation, you can specify the extension at the end of the transformation parameters, following a forward slash. For example, c_pad,h_300,w_300/jpg means that the delivery URL has transformation parameters of c_pad,h_300,w_300 and a .jpg extension. c_pad,h_300,w_300/ represents the same transformation parameters, but with no extension.

As the extension is considered to be part of the transformation, be careful when defining

and transformations that are allowed when

are enabled, as the delivery URL must exactly match the transformation, including the extension.

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Rotates an image or video based on the specified mode.

Use with: To apply one of the a_auto modes, use it as a qualifier with a cropping action that adjusts the aspect ratio, as per the syntax details and example below.

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Applies a background to empty or transparent areas.

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A qualifier that automatically fills the padded area using generative AI to extend the image seamlessly. Optionally include a prompt to guide the image generation.

Using different seeds, you can regenerate the image if you're not happy with the result. You can also use seeds to return a previously generated result, as long as any other preceding transformation parameters are the same.

• Generative fill can only be used on non-transparent images.
• There is a special transformation count for generative fill.
• Generative fill isn't supported for animated images or fetched images.
• If you get blurred results when using this feature, it is likely that the built-in NSFW (Not Safe For Work) check has detected something inappropriate. You can contact support to disable this check if you believe it's too sensitive.
• When Cloudinary is generating a derived version, you may get a 423 response returned until the version is ready. You can prepare derived versions in advance using an eager transformation.
• When Cloudinary is generating an incoming transformation, you may get a 420 response returned, with status pending until the asset is ready.

Learn more: Generative fill

Use with: c_auto_pad | c_pad | c_lpad | c_mpad | c_fill_pad

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Establishes a baseline transformation from a named transformation. The baseline transformation is cached, so when re-used with other transformation parameters, the baseline part of the transformation does not have to be regenerated, saving processing time and cost.

• You can combine the baseline transformation with other transformation parameters, but it must be the first component in the chain and the only transformation parameter in that component.
• You must specify a supported format transformation (f_) in the named transformation.
• Consider using f_jxl/q_100 in the baseline transformation to prevent images suffering from loss due to double lossy encoding.
• You cannot use automatic format (f_auto) in the named transformation, although this can be used in a subsequent component.
• If the named transformation contains variables, the variables must be defined within the named transformation.
• The baseline transformation is not supported for fetched media or incoming transformations.

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Controls the bitrate for audio or video files in bits per second. Includes the option to use either variable bitrate (default), with the bitrate value indicating the maximum bitrate, or constant bitrate. If specifying just a bitrate value, the same bitrate is used for both video and audio (if both are present). To control each separately, use br_av.

Supported for video codecs: h264, h265 (MPEG-4); vp8, vp9 (WebM)
Supported for audio codecs: aac, mp3, vorbis

Learn more: Bitrate control

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Controls the bitrate for audio or video files in bits per second.

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Controls the video and audio bitrate separately to allow for more fine tuned control.

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Changes the size of the delivered asset according to the requested width & height dimensions.

Depending on the selected <crop mode>, parts of the original asset may be cropped out and/or the asset may be resized (scaled up or down).

When using any of the modes that can potentially crop parts of the asset, the selected gravity parameter controls which part of the original asset is kept in the resulting delivered file.

Learn more: Resizing and cropping images | Resizing and cropping videos

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Extracts the specified size from the original image without distorting or scaling the delivered asset.

By default, the center of the image is kept (extracted) and the top/bottom and/or side edges are evenly cropped to achieve the requested dimensions. You can specify the gravity qualifier to control which part of the image to keep, either as a compass direction (such as south or north_east), one of the special gravity positions (such as faces or ocr_text), AI-based automatic region detection or AI-based object detection.

You can also specify a specific region of the original image to keep by specifying x and y qualifiers together with w (width) and h (height) qualifiers to define an exact bounding box. When using this method, and no gravity is specified, the x and y coordinates are relative to the top-left (north-west) corner of the original asset. You can also use percentage based numbers instead of the exact coordinates for x, y, w and h (e.g., 0.5 for 50%). Use this method only when you already have the required absolute cropping coordinates. For example, you might use this if your application allows a user to upload user-generated content, and your application allows the user to manually select a region to crop from the original image, and you pass those coordinates to build the crop URL.

Two of the following: w (width) | h (height) | ar (aspect ratio)

(In rare cases, you may choose to provide only one sizing qualifier)

g (gravity) | x (x-coordinate) | y (y-coordinate)

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Creates an asset with the exact specified width and height without distorting the asset. This option first scales as much as needed to at least fill both of the specified dimensions. If the requested aspect ratio is different than the original, cropping will occur on the dimension that exceeds the requested size after scaling. You can specify which part of the original asset you want to keep if cropping occurs using the gravity (set to 'center' by default).

At least one of the following: w (width) | h (height) | ar (aspect ratio)

(In rare cases, you may choose to provide only one sizing qualifier)

g (gravity)

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The lfill (limit fill) mode is the same as fill but only if the original image is larger than the specified resolution limits, in which case the image is scaled down to fill the specified width and height without distorting the image, and then the dimension that exceeds the request is cropped. If the original dimensions are smaller than the requested size, it is not resized at all. This prevents upscaling. You can specify which part of the original image you want to keep if cropping occurs using the gravity parameter (set to center by default).

Two of the following: w (width) | h (height) | ar (aspect ratio)

(In rare cases, you may choose to provide only one sizing qualifier)

g (gravity)

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Same as the fit mode but only if the original asset is larger than the specified limit (width and height), in which case the asset is scaled down so that it takes up as much space as possible within a bounding box defined by the specified width and height parameters. The original aspect ratio is retained (by default) and all of the original asset is visible. This mode doesn't scale up the asset if your requested dimensions are larger than the original image size.

Two of the following: w (width) | h (height) | ar (aspect ratio)

(In rare cases, you may choose to provide only one sizing qualifier)

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The lpad (limit pad) mode is the same as pad but only if the original asset is larger than the specified limit (width and height), in which case the asset is scaled down to fill the specified width and height while retaining the original aspect ratio (by default) and with all of the original asset visible. This mode doesn't scale up the asset if your requested dimensions are bigger than the original asset size. Instead, if the proportions of the original asset do not match the requested width and height, padding is added to the asset to reach the required size. You can also specify where the original asset is placed by using the gravity parameter (set to center by default). Additionally, you can specify the color of the background in the case that padding is added.

Two of the following: w (width) | h (height) | ar (aspect ratio)

(In rare cases, you may choose to provide only one sizing qualifier)

g_<gravity position> | b (background)

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The mfit (minimum fit) mode is the same as fit but only if the original image is smaller than the specified minimum (width and height), in which case the image is scaled up so that it takes up as much space as possible within a bounding box defined by the specified width and height parameters. The original aspect ratio is retained (by default) and all of the original image is visible. This mode doesn't scale down the image if your requested dimensions are smaller than the original image's.

Two of the following: w (width) | h (height) | ar (aspect ratio)

(In rare cases, you may choose to provide only one sizing qualifier)

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Controls the color space (RGB, sRGB, CMYK, custom ICC, etc) used for the delivered image or video. If you don't include this parameter in your transformation, the color space of the original asset is generally retained. In some cases for videos, the color space is normalized for web delivery, unless cs_copy is specified.

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Specifies a backup placeholder image to be delivered in the case that the actual requested delivery image or social media picture does not exist. Any requested transformations are applied on the placeholder image as well.

• If the requested image does not exist and the default placeholder image is delivered instead, the x_cld_error header will also be included in the response.
• The default placeholder image must be of type upload, i.e. publicly available.

Learn more: Using a default image placeholder

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Controls the time delay between the frames of a delivered animated image. (The source asset can be an image or a video.)

Related flag: fl_animated

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Controls the density to use when delivering an image or when converting a vector file such as a PDF or EPS document to a web image delivery format.

• For web image formats: By default, if an image does not contain resolution information in its embedded metadata, Cloudinary normalizes any derived images for web optimization purposes and delivers them at 150 DPI. Controlling the DPI can be useful when generating a derived image intended for printing.

  You can take advantage of the

  idn

  (initial density) value to automatically set the density of your image to the (pre-normalized) initial density of the original image (for example,

  dn_idn

  ). This value is taken from the original image's metadata.

• For vector files (PDF, EPS, etc.): When you deliver a vector file in a web image format, it is delivered by default at 150 DPI.

See also: Arithmetic expressions

Learn more: Deliver a PDF page as an image

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Sets the device pixel ratio (DPR) for the delivered image or video using a specified value or automatically based on the requesting device.

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Delivers the image or video in the specified device pixel ratio.

When delivering at a DPR value larger than

, ensure that you also set the desired final display dimensions in your image or video tag. For example, if you set

in your delivery URL, you should also set

in your image tag. Otherwise, the image will be delivered at 2.0 x the requested dimensions (a height of 600px in this example).

Learn more: Set Device Pixel Ratio (DPR)

See also: Arithmetic expressions

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Delivers the image in a resolution that automatically matches the DPR (Device Pixel Ratio) setting of the requesting device, rounded up to the nearest integer. Only works for certain browsers and when Client-Hints are enabled.

Learn more: Automatic DPR

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Applies the specified effect to an asset.

If you specify more than one effect in a transformation component (separated by commas), only the last effect in that component is applied.

To combine effects, use separate components (separated by forward slashes) following best practice guidelines, which recommend including only one action parameter per component.

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Speeds up the video playback by the specified percentage.

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Automatically adjusts the image brightness and blends the result with the original image.

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Automatically adjusts the image color balance and blends the result with the original image.

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Automatically adjusts the image contrast and blends the result with the original image.

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Applies stripes or color adjustment to help people with common color blind conditions to differentiate between colors that are similar for them.

Learn more: Blog post

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Makes the background of an image transparent.

Notes:

• There is a special transformation count for the background removal effect.
• When Cloudinary is generating a derived version, you may get a 423 response returned until the version is ready. You can prepare derived versions in advance using an eager transformation.
• When Cloudinary is generating an incoming transformation, you may get a 420 response returned, with status pending until the asset is ready.
• The background removal transformation imposes a limit of 6144 x 6144 pixels on its input images. If an image exceeds this limit, the transformation first scales down the image to fit the limit, and then processes it. The scaling doesn't affect the aspect ratio of the image, but it does alter its output dimensions.
• Background removal on the fly isn't supported for fetched images.

Tips:

• This transformation generally gives better results than the e_bgremoval and e_make_transparent effects.
• It works well for foreground objects with fine edges and lets you specify certain items that you expect to see as foreground objects.
• You can also try the Pixelz Remove the Background add-on for professional manual background removal.

Learn more: Background removal

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Makes the background of an image transparent (or solid white for JPGs). Use when the background is a uniform color.

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Adjusts image brightness modulation in HSB to prevent artifacts in some images.

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A qualifier that lets you customize a 2D image captured from a 3D model, as if a photo is being taken by a camera.

The camera always points towards the center of the 3D model and can be rotated around it. Specify the position of the camera, the exposure, zoom and lighting to capture your perfect shot.

Use with fl_animated to create a 360 spinning animation.

Use with: f (format)

Learn more: Generating an image from a 3D model

See also: e_light

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Applies a cartoon effect to an image.

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Adjusts an image or video contrast.

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Removes small motion shifts from a video. Useful for non-professional (user-generated content) videos.

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Displaces the pixels in an image according to the color channels of the pixels in another specified image (a gradient map specified with the overlay parameter).

At least one of the following: x, y (x & y coordinates)

Values of

and

must be between -999 and 999.

Learn more: Displacement maps

Distorts an image to a new shape by either adjusting its corners or by warping it into an arc.

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Adds a shadow to the object(s) in an image. Specify the angle and spread of the light source causing the shadow.

• Either:
  • the original image must include transparency, for example where the background has already been removed and it has been stored in a format that supports transparency, such as PNG, or
  • the dropshadow effect must be chained after the background_removal effect, for example:

• The dropshadow effect is not supported for animated images, fetched images or incoming transformations.

Learn more: Dropshadow effect

See also: e_shadow

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Uses AI to analyze an image and make adjustments to enhance the appeal of the image, such as:

• Exposure reduction: Correcting overexposed images, smartly reducing excessive brightness and reclaiming details in bright areas, bringing back a balanced exposure.
• Exposure enhancement: Adjusting underexposed images by enhancing dim areas, thus improving overall exposure without compromising the image's natural quality.
• Color intensification: Enriching color vividness, making hues more vibrant and lively, thus bringing a more dynamic color range to the image.
• Color temperature correction: Adjusting the white balance, correcting color casts and ensuring that the colors in the image accurately reflect their real-world appearance.

Consider also using generative restore to revitalize poor quality images, or the improve effect to automatically adjust color, contrast and brightness. See this comparison of image enhancement options.

• During processing, large images are downscaled to a maximum of 4096 x 4096 pixels, then upscaled back to their original size, which may affect quality.
• There is a special transformation count for the enhance effect.
• The enhance effect is not supported for fetched images or incoming transformations.

See also: e_improve | e_gen_restore

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Extracts an area or multiple areas of an image, described in natural language. You can choose to keep the content of the extracted area(s) and make the rest of the image transparent (like background removal), or make the extracted area(s) transparent, keeping the content of the rest of the image. Alternatively, you can make a grayscale mask of the extracted area(s) or everything excluding the extracted area(s), which you can use with other transformations such as e_mask, e_multiply, e_overlay and e_screen.

• During processing, large images are downscaled to a maximum of 2048 x 2048 pixels, then upscaled back to their original size, which may affect quality.
• This transformation changes the image's visual appearance by adjusting only the alpha channel, which controls transparency. The underlying RGB channel data remains unchanged and fully preserved, even in areas that become fully transparent.
• When you specify more than one prompt, all the objects specified in each of the prompts will be extracted whether or not multiple_true is specified in the URL.
• There is a special transformation count for the extract effect.
• The extract effect is not supported for animated images, fetched images or incoming transformations.
• User-defined variables cannot be used for the prompt when more than one prompt is specified.
• When Cloudinary is generating a derived version, you may get a 423 response returned until the version is ready. You can prepare derived versions in advance using an eager transformation.
• When Cloudinary is generating an incoming transformation, you may get a 420 response returned, with status pending until the asset is ready.

See also: e_background_removal

Learn more: Shape cutouts: use AI to determine what to remove or keep in an image

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Fades into, or out of, an animated GIF or video. You can chain fade effects to both fade into and out of the media.

Learn more: Fade in and out

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Adjusts the fill light and optionally blends the result with the original image.

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Replaces the background of an image with an AI-generated background. If no prompt is specified, the background is based on the contents of the image. Otherwise, the background is based on the natural language prompt specified.

For images with transparency, the generated background replaces the transparent area. For images without transparency, the effect first determines the foreground elements and leaves those areas intact, while replacing the background.

Using different seeds, you can regenerate a background if you're not happy with the result. You can also use seeds to return a previously generated result, as long as any other preceding transformation parameters are the same.

• The use of generative AI means that results may not be 100% accurate.
• There's a special transformation count for the generative background replace effect.
• If you get blurred results when using this feature, it's likely that the built-in NSFW (Not Safe For Work) check has detected something inappropriate. You can contact support to disable this check if you believe it's too sensitive.
• The generative background replace effect isn't supported for animated images or fetched images.
• When Cloudinary is generating a derived version, you may get a 423 response returned until the version is ready. You can prepare derived versions in advance using an eager transformation.
• When Cloudinary is generating an incoming transformation, you may get a 420 response returned, with status pending until the asset is ready.

Learn more: Generative background replace

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Uses generative AI to recolor parts of your image, maintaining the relative shading. Specify one or more prompts and the color to change them to. Use the multiple parameter to replace the color of all instances of the prompt when one prompt is given.

• The generative recolor effect can only be used on non-transparent images.
• The use of generative AI means that results may not be 100% accurate.
• The generative recolor effect works best on simple objects that are clearly visible, and not abstract concepts such as "background".
• Very small objects and very large objects may not be detected.
• During processing, large images are downscaled to a maximum of 2048 x 2048 pixels, then upscaled back to their original size, which may affect quality.
• When you specify more than one prompt, all the objects specified in each of the prompts will be recolored whether or not multiple_true is specified in the URL.
• There is a special transformation count for the generative recolor effect.
• The generative recolor effect isn't supported for animated images or fetched images.
• User-defined variables can't be used for the prompt when more than one prompt is specified.
• When Cloudinary is generating a derived version, you may get a 423 response returned until the version is ready. You can prepare derived versions in advance using an eager transformation.
• When Cloudinary is generating an incoming transformation, you may get a 420 response returned, with status pending until the asset is ready.

Consider using

if you want to recolor everything of a particular color in your image, rather than specific elements.

Learn more: Generative recolor

See also: e_replace_color

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Uses generative AI to remove unwanted parts of your image, replacing the area with realistic pixels. Specify either one or more prompts or one or more regions. Use the multiple parameter to remove all instances of the prompt when one prompt is given.

By default, shadows cast by removed objects are not removed. If you want to remove the shadow, when specifying a prompt you can set the remove-shadow parameter to true.

• The generative remove effect can only be used on non-transparent images.
• The use of generative AI means that results may not be 100% accurate.
• The generative remove effect works best on simple objects that are clearly visible.
• Very small objects and very large objects may not be detected.
• Don't attempt to remove faces or hands.
• During processing, large images are downscaled to a maximum of 6140 x 6140 pixels, then upscaled back to their original size, which may affect quality.
• When you specify more than one prompt, all the objects specified in each of the prompts will be removed whether or not multiple_true is specified in the URL.
• There is a special transformation count for the generative remove effect.
• The generative remove effect isn't supported for animated images or fetched images.
• User-defined variables can't be used for the prompt when more than one prompt is specified.
• When Cloudinary is generating a derived version, you may get a 423 response returned until the version is ready. You can prepare derived versions in advance using an eager transformation.
• When Cloudinary is generating an incoming transformation, you may get a 420 response returned, with status pending until the asset is ready.

Learn more: Generative remove

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Uses generative AI to replace parts of your image with something else. Use the preserve-geometry parameter to fill exactly the same shape with the replacement.

• The generative replace effect can only be used on non-transparent images.
• The use of generative AI means that results may not be 100% accurate.
• The generative replace effect works best on simple objects that are clearly visible.
• Very small objects and very large objects may not be detected.
• Don't attempt to replace faces, hands or text.
• During processing, large images are downscaled to a maximum of 2048 x 2048 pixels, then upscaled back to their original size, which may affect quality.
• There is a special transformation count for the generative replace effect.
• The generative replace effect isn't supported for animated images or fetched images.
• When Cloudinary is generating a derived version, you may get a 423 response returned until the version is ready. You can prepare derived versions in advance using an eager transformation.
• When Cloudinary is generating an incoming transformation, you may get a 420 response returned, with status pending until the asset is ready.

Learn more: Generative replace

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Uses generative AI to restore details in poor quality images or images that may have become degraded through repeated processing and compression.

Consider also using the improve effect to automatically adjust color, contrast and brightness, or the enhance effect to improve the appeal of an image based on AI analysis. See this comparison of image enhancement options.

• The generative restore effect can only be used on non-transparent images.
• The use of generative AI means that results may not be 100% accurate.
• There is a special transformation count for the generative restore effect.
• The generative restore effect isn't supported for animated images or fetched images.
• When Cloudinary is generating a derived version, you may get a 423 response returned until the version is ready. You can prepare derived versions in advance using an eager transformation.
• When Cloudinary is generating an incoming transformation, you may get a 420 response returned, with status pending until the asset is ready.

See also: e_enhance | e_improve

Learn more: Generative restore

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Applies a gradient fade effect from the edge of an image. Use x or y to indicate from which edge to fade and how much of the image should be faded. Values of x and y can be specified as a percentage (range: 0.0 to 1.0), or in pixels (integer values). Positive values fade from the top (y) or left (x). Negative values fade from the bottom (y) or right (x). By default, the gradient is applied to the top 50% of the image (y_0.5).

x, y (x & y coordinates)

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Converts an image to grayscale (multiple shades of gray).

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When generating a 2D image from a 3D model, this effect introduces a light source to cast a shadow. You can control the intensity of the shadow that's cast.

You must specify a 2D image file format that supports transparency, such as PNG or AVIF.

Use with: f (format) | e_camera

Learn more: Generating an image from a 3D model

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Loops a video or animated image the specified number of times.

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Makes the background of an image or video transparent (or solid white for formats that do not support transparency). The background is determined as all pixels that resemble the pixels on the edges of an image or video, or the color specified by the color qualifier.

color

Learn more: Apply video transparency

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Applies kernels of various sizes and shapes to an image using different methods to achieve effects such as image blurring and sharpening.

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A qualifier that blends image layers using the multiply blend mode, whereby the RGB channel numbers for each pixel from the top layer are multiplied by the values for the corresponding pixel from the bottom layer. The result is always a darker picture; since each value is less than 1, their product will be less than either of the initial values.

Use with: l_<image id> | l_fetch | l_text | u_<image id> | u_fetch

See also: Other blend modes: e_mask | e_overlay | e_screen

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Creates a negative of an image.

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Causes all semi-transparent pixels in an image to be either fully transparent or fully opaque. Specifically, each pixel with an opacity lower than the specified threshold level is set to an opacity of 0% (transparent). Each pixel with an opacity greater than or equal to the specified level is set to an opacity of 100% (opaque).

This effect can be a useful solution when Photoshop PSD files are delivered in a format supporting partial transparency, such as PNG, and the results without this effect are not as expected.

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Converts the colors of every pixel in an image based on a supplied color matrix, in which the value of each color channel is calculated based on the values from all other channels (e.g. a 3x3 matrix for RGB, a 4x4 matrix for RGBA or CMYK, etc).

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Automatically removes red eyes in an image.

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Maps an input color and those similar to the input color to corresponding shades of a specified output color, taking luminosity and chroma into account, in order to recolor an object in a natural way. More highly saturated input colors usually give the best results. It is recommended to avoid input colors approaching white, black, or gray.

• This transformation only supports non-verbose, ordered syntax, so remember to include the tolerance parameter if specifying from color, even if you intend to use the default tolerance.
• Consider using e_gen_recolor if you want to specify particular elements in your image to recolor, rather than everything with the same color.

Learn more: Replace color

See also: e_gen_recolor

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Plays a video or audio file in reverse.

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Skews an image according to the two specified values in degrees. Negative values skew an image in the opposite direction.

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Simulates the way an image would appear to someone with the specified color blind condition.

Learn more: Blog post

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Changes the main background color to the one specified, as if a 'theme change' was applied (e.g. dark mode vs light mode).

Learn more: Theme effect

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Blends an image with one or more tint colors at a specified intensity. You can optionally equalize colors before tinting and specify gradient blend positioning per color.

Learn more: Tint effects

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Detects and removes image edges whose color is similar to the corner pixels or transparent.

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Uses AI-based prediction to add fine detail while upscaling small images.

This 'super-resolution' feature scales each dimension by four, multiplying the total number of pixels by 16.

• To use the upscale effect, the input image must be smaller than 4.2 megapixels (the equivalent of 2048 x 2048 pixels).
• There is a special transformation count for the upscale effect.
• The upscale effect isn't supported for animated images or fetched images.
• When Cloudinary is generating a derived version, you may get a 423 response returned until the version is ready. You can prepare derived versions in advance using an eager transformation.
• When Cloudinary is generating an incoming transformation, you may get a 420 response returned, with status pending until the asset is ready.

Learn more: Upscaling with super resolution

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Vectorizes an image. The values can be specified either in an ordered manner according to the above syntax, or by name as shown in the examples below.

• To deliver an image as a vector image, make sure to change the format (or URL extension) to a vector format, such as SVG. However, you can also deliver in a raster format if you just want to get the 'vectorized' graphic effect.
• Large images are scaled down to 1000 pixels in the largest dimension before vectorization.

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Also known as the Ken Burns effect, this transformation applies zooming and/or panning to an image, resulting in a video or animated GIF (depending on the format you specify by either changing the extension or using the format parameter).

You can either specify a mode, which is a predefined type of zoom/pan, or you can provide custom start and end positions for the zoom and pan. You can also use the gravity parameter to specify different start and end areas, such as objects, faces, and automatically determined areas of interest.

• The resulting video or animated GIF does not go outside the bounds of the original image. So, if you specify an x,y position of (0,0), for example, the center of the frame will be as close to the top left as possible, but will not be centered on that position.
• The resolution of your image needs to be sufficient for the zoom level that you choose to maintain good quality.
• To achieve the best visual quality, the output resolution of the resulting video or animated image should be less than or equal to the input image resolution divided by the maximum zoom level. For example, if your original image has a width of 1920 pixels, and your maximum zoom is 3.2, you should display the resulting video at a width of 600 pixels or less (e.g. chain c_scale,w_600 onto the end of the transformation).
• If you apply the zoompan effect to an animated image, the first frame of the animated image is taken as the input.
• To achieve a smoother zoom, you can increase the frame rate, extend the length of the time over which the zoom occurs, and reduce the difference between zoom levels at the start and end of the transformation.
• The zoompan effect won't work if the resulting video exceeds the limits set for your account. As a general rule, use images that don't exceed 5000 x 5000 pixels.
• Currently, you can't use automatic gravity (g_auto) in other transformation components that are chained with the zoompan effect.

Learn more: The zoompan effect | Using objects with the zoompan effect

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Converts (if necessary) and delivers an asset in the specified format regardless of the file extension used in the delivery URL.

Must be used for automatic format selection (f_auto) as well as when fetching remote assets, while the file extension for the delivery URL remains the original file extension.

In most other cases, you can optionally use this transformation to change the format as an alternative to changing the file extension of the public ID in the URL to a supported format. Both will give the same result.

In SDK

with initial release earlier than 2020, the name of this parameter is

. These SDKs also have a

parameter, which is not a transformation parameter, but is used to change the file extension, as shown in the

.

The later SDKs have a single format parameter (which parallels the behavior of the fetch_format parameter of older SDKs). You can use this to change the actual delivered format of any asset, but if you prefer to convert the asset to a different format by changing the extension of the public ID in the generated URL, you can do that in these later SDKs by specifying the desired extension as part of the public ID value, as shown in file extension examples - #1.

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Alters the regular behavior of another transformation or the overall delivery behavior.

You can set multiple flags by separating the individual flags with a dot (

).

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Alters the regular video delivery behavior by delivering a video file as an animated image instead of a single frame image, when specifying an image format that supports both still and animated images, such as webp or avif.

Use with: fl_apng | fl_awebp | f_auto

When delivering a video and specifying the GIF format (either f_gif or specifying a GIF extension) it's automatically delivered as an animated GIF and this flag is not necessary. To force Cloudinary to

in GIF format, use the

parameter.

Learn more: Converting videos to animated images

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Alters the regular behavior of the q_auto parameter, allowing it to switch to PNG8 encoding if the automatic quality algorithm decides that's more efficient.

Use with: q_auto

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The apng (animated PNG) flag alters the regular PNG delivery behavior by delivering an animated image asset in animated PNG format rather than a still PNG image. Keep in mind that animated PNGs are not supported in all browsers and versions.

Use with: fl_animated | f_png (or when specifying png as the delivery URL file extension).

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Alters the regular delivery URL behavior, causing the URL link to download the (transformed) file as an attachment rather than embedding it in your Web page or application.

You can also use this flag with

to specify a custom filename for the download. The generated file's extension will match the raw file's original extension.

Use with: f_auto

See also: fl_streaming_attachment

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The awebp (animated WebP) flag alters the regular WebP delivery behavior by delivering an animated image or video asset in animated WebP format rather than as a still WebP image. Keep in mind that animated WebPs are not supported in all browsers and versions.

Use with: fl_animated | f_webp (or when specifying webp as the delivery URL file extension).

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Use the c2pa flag when delivering images that you want to be signed by Cloudinary for the purposes of C2PA (Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity).

Learn more: Content provenance and authenticity

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For images with a clipping path saved with the originally uploaded image (e.g. manually created using Photoshop), makes everything outside the clipping path transparent.

If there are multiple paths stored in the file, you can indicate which clipping path to use by specifying either the path number or name as the value of the page parameter (pg in URLs).

Use with: pg (page or file layer)

See also: g_clipping_path

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For images with a clipping path saved with the originally uploaded image, makes pixels transparent based on the clipping path using the 'evenodd' clipping rule to determine whether points are inside or outside of the path.

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Trims the pixels on the base image according to the transparency levels of a specified overlay image. Where the overlay image is opaque, the original is kept and displayed, and wherever the overlay is transparent, the base image becomes transparent as well. This results in a delivered image displaying the base image content trimmed to the exact shape of the overlay image.

Learn more: Shape cutouts: keep a shape

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Adds ICC color space metadata to an image, even when the original image doesn't contain any ICC data.

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Instructs Cloudinary to clear all image metadata (IPTC, Exif and XMP) while applying an incoming transformation.

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For images: returns information about both the input asset and the transformed output asset in JSON instead of delivering a transformed image.

For videos: returns an empty JSON file unless one of the qualifiers below is used.

Not applicable to files delivered in certain formats, such as animated GIF, PDF and 3D formats.

As a qualifier, returns additional data as detailed below.

Use with:

• g_auto:
  • For images, the returned JSON includes the cropping coordinates recommended by the g_auto algorithm.
  • For videos, the returned JSON includes the cropping confidence score for the whole video and per second in addition to the horizontal center point of each frame (on a scale of 0 to 1) recommended by the g_auto algorithm.
• g_<face-specific-gravity>: For images, the returned JSON includes the coordinates of facial landmarks relative to the top-left corner of the original image.
• e_preview: For videos, the returned JSON includes an importance histogram for the video.

Learn more:

• Note on using fl_getinfo with g_auto
• Returning the coordinates of facial landmarks
• Returning video importance histograms

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Applies Group 4 compression to the image. Currently applicable to TIFF files only. If the original image is in color, it is transformed to black and white before the compression is applied.

Use with: f_tiff (or when specifying tiff as the delivery URL file extension)

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A qualifier that delivers an HLS adaptive bitrate streaming file as HLS v3 instead of the default version (HLS v4).

This flag is supported only for product environments with a private CDN configuration.

Use with: sp (streaming profile)

Learn more: Adaptive bitrate streaming

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A qualifier that adjusts the behavior of scale cropping. By default, when only one dimension (width or height) is supplied, the other dimension is automatically calculated to maintain the aspect ratio. When this flag is supplied together with a single dimension, the other dimension keeps its original value, thus distorting an image by scaling in only one direction.

Use with: c_scale

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A qualifier that ensures that an alpha channel is not applied to a TIFF image if it is a mask channel.

Use with: f_tiff (or when specifying tiff as the delivery URL file extension)

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Sets the cache-control for an image to be immutable, which instructs the browser that an image does not have to be revalidated with the server when the page is refreshed, and can be loaded directly from the cache. Currently supported only in Firefox.

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Cloudinary's default behavior is to strip almost all metadata from a delivered image when generating new image transformations. Applying this flag alters this default behavior, and keeps all the copyright-related fields while still stripping the rest of the metadata.

Learn more: Default optimizations

See also: fl_keep_iptc

This flag works well when delivering images in JPG format. It may not always work as expected for other image formats.

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Keeps the Display Aspect Ratio (DAR) metadata of an originally uploaded video (if it's different from the delivered video dimensions).

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Cloudinary's default behavior is to strip almost all embedded metadata from a delivered image when generating new image transformations. Applying this flag alters this default behavior, and keeps all of an image's embedded metadata in the transformed image.

This flag cannot be used in conjunction with

.

Learn more: Default optimizations

See also: fl_keep_attribution

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When used with an animated GIF file, instructs Cloudinary to use lossy compression when delivering an animated GIF. By default a quality of 80 is applied when delivering with lossy compression. You can use this flag in conjunction with a specified q_<quality_level> to deliver a higher or lower quality level of lossy compression.

When used while delivering a PNG format, instructs Cloudinary to deliver an image in PNG format (as requested) unless there is no transparency channel, in which case, deliver in JPEG format instead.

Use with: f_gif with or without q_<quality level> | f_png
(or when specifying gif or png as the delivery URL file extension)

Learn more: Applying lossy GIF compression

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Converts the audio channel in a video or audio file to mono. This can help to optimize your video files if stereo sound is not essential.

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Prevents a video that is currently being generated on the fly from beginning to stream until the video is fully generated.

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Delivers the original asset instead of applying the settings enabled in the Optimize by default section of the Optimization settings.

• The use of this flag does not incur a transformation charge.
• The Optimize by default settings are available to certain plans only.

Learn more: Optimize by default settings

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By default, Cloudinary delivers PNGs in PNG-24 format, or if f_auto and q_auto are used, these determine the PNG format that minimizes file size while maximizing quality. In some cases, the algorithm will select PNG-8. By specifying one of these flags when delivering a PNG file, you can override the default Cloudinary behavior and force the requested PNG format.

See also: fl_any_format

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A qualifier that ensures that the f_auto parameter will always deliver in a transparent format if the image has a transparency channel.

Use with: f_auto

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Generates a JPG or PNG image using the progressive (interlaced) format. This format allows the browser to quickly show a low-quality rendering of the image until the full quality image is loaded.

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Reduces a vector image to one flat pixelated layer, enabling transformations like PDF resizing and overlays.

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A qualifier that instructs Cloudinary to interpret percentage-based ( e.g. 0.8) width and height values for an image layer (overlay or underlay), as a percentage that is relative to the size of the base image, rather than relative to the original size of the specified overlay image. This flag enables you to use the same transformation to add an overlay to images that will always resize to a relative size of whatever image it overlays.

Use with: l_<image id> | u (underlay)

Learn more: Transforming overlays

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A qualifier that takes the image specified as an overlay and uses it to replace the first image embedded in a PDF.

Transformation parameters that modify the appearance of the overlay (such as effects) can be applied. However, when this flag is used, the overlay image is always scaled exactly to the dimensions of the image it replaces. Therefore, resize transformations applied to the overlay are ignored. For this reason, it is important that the image specified in the overlay matches the aspect ratio of the image in the PDF that it will replace.

Use with: l_<image_id>

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Relevant only for the SVG images. Runs a sanitizer on the image.

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A qualifier that concatenates (splices) the image, video or audio file specified as an overlay to a base video (instead of placing it as an overlay). By default, the overlay image, video or audio file is spliced to the end of the base video. You can use the start offset parameter set to 0 (so_0) to splice the overlay asset to the beginning of the base video by specifying it alongside fl_layer_apply. You can optionally provide a cross fade transition between assets.

Use with: l_audio | l_video

Learn more: Concatenating media

See also: so (start offset)

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Like fl_attachment, this flag alters the regular video delivery URL behavior, causing the URL link to download the (transformed) video as an attachment rather than embedding it in your Web page or application. Additionally, if the video transformation is being requested and generated for the first time, this flag causes the video download to begin immediately, streaming it as a fragmented video file. (Most standard video players successfully play fragmented video files without issue.)

(In contrast, if the regular fl_attachment flag is used, then when a user requests the video transformation for the first time, the download will begin only after the complete transformed video has been generated.)

HLS (.m3u8) and MPEG-DASH (.mpd) files are by nature non-streamable. If this flag is used with a video in one of those formats, it behaves identically to the regular

flag.

See also: fl_attachment

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Converts non-sRGB images to sRGB and then strips the ICC profile data from the delivered image.

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A qualifier used with text overlays that fails the transformation and returns a 400 (bad request) error if the text (in the requested size and font) exceeds the base image boundaries. This can be useful if the expected text of the overlay and/or the size of the base image isn't known in advance, for example with user-generated content. You can check for this error and if it occurs, let the user who supplied the text know that they should change the font, font size, or number of characters (or alternatively that they should provide a larger base image).

Use with: l_text

See also: fl_no_overflow

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A qualifier used with text overlays that adds a small amount of padding around the text overlay string. Without this flag, text overlays are trimmed tightly to the text with no excess padding.

Use with: l_text

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A qualifier that generates TIFF images in the TIFF8 format using LZW compression.

Use with: f_tiff (or when specifying tiff as the delivery URL file extension)

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Truncates (trims) a video file based on the times defined in the video file's metadata (relevant only where the file metadata includes a directive to play only a section of the video).

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Injects a custom function into the image transformation pipeline. You can use a remote function/lambda as your source, run WebAssembly functions from a compiled .wasm file stored in your Cloudinary product environment, deliver assets based on filters using tags and structured metadata, or filter assets returned when generating a client-side list.

Learn more: Custom functions

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Controls the FPS (Frames Per Second) of a video or animated image to ensure that the asset (even when optimized) is delivered with an expected FPS level (for video, this helps with sync to audio). Can also be specified as a range.

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A qualifier that determines which part of an asset to focus on, and thus which part of the asset to keep, when any part of the asset is cropped. For overlays, this setting determines where to place the overlay.

Learn more: Control image gravity | Control video gravity

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A qualifier to specify a named clipping path in the image to focus on when cropping an image. Works on file formats that can contain clipping paths such as TIFF.

Clipping paths work when the original image is 64 megapixels or less. Above that limit, the clipping paths are ignored.

Use with: c_auto | c_crop | c_fill | c_lfill | c_lpad | c_mpad | c_pad | c_thumb

See also: fl_clip

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A qualifier to add an image or text layer that tracks the position of a person throughout a video. Can be used with fashion object detection to conditionally add the layer based on the presence of a specified object.

• Only one tracked layer can be applied at a time.
• The maximum video duration that tracked layers can be applied to is 3 minutes.
• When requesting your video on the fly, you will receive a 423 response until the video has been processed. Once processed, subsequent transformations will be applied synchronously.
• You can apply transformations to the layer, such as controlling duration, by adding those into the layer definition component (e.g. l_price_tag,du_3)

Use with: l_<image id> | l_fetch | l_text | u_<image id> | u_fetch

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Explicitly sets the keyframe interval of the delivered video.

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Embed subtitle texts from an SRT or WebVTT file into a video. The subtitle file must first be uploaded as a raw file.

You can optionally set the font and font-size (as optional values of your l_subtitles parameter) as well as subtitle text color and either subtitle background color or subtitle outline color (using the co and b/bo optional qualifiers). By default, the texts are added in Arial, size 15, with white text and black border.

b_<color value> | bo (border) | co (color) | g_<compass position>

Learn more: Adding subtitles

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Adjusts the opacity of an asset and makes it semi-transparent.

If the image format does not support transparency, the background color is used instead as a base (white by default). The color can be changed with the

parameter.

See also: Arithmetic expressions

When using an SDK that uses

, the action that exposes this method is

.

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Delivers the specified range of pages or layers from a multi-page or multi-layer file (PDF, TIFF, PSD).

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Extracts and delivers an object embedded in a PSD file, by index.

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Extracts and delivers an object embedded in a PSD file, by layer name.

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Sets the quality to the specified level.

A quality level of 100 can increase the file size significantly, particularly for video, as it is delivered lossless and uncompressed. As a result, a video with a quality level of 100 isn't playable on every browser.

See also: Arithmetic expressions

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Rounds selected corners of an image, based on the number of values specified, similar to the border-radius CSS property:

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Delivers the asset as a rounded circle or oval shape.

• If the input asset is a 1:1 aspect ratio, it will be a circle.
• If rectangular, it will be an oval.

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Determines the streaming profile to apply when delivering a video using adaptive bitrate streaming.

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Lets Cloudinary choose the best streaming profile on the fly for both HLS and DASH. You can limit the resolution at which to stream the video by specifying the maximum resolution.

Learn more: Automatic streaming profile selection

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Sets a specific video codec to use to encode a video. For h264, optionally include the desired profile and level.

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Normalizes and optimizes a video by automatically selecting the most appropriate codec based on the output format.

The settings for each format are:

af_iaf

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Removes the video codec to leave just the audio, useful when you want to extract the audio from a video.

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Sets the sampling rate to use when converting videos or animated images to animated GIF or WebP format. If not specified, the resulting GIF or WebP samples the whole video/animated image (up to 400 frames, at up to 10 frames per second). By default, the duration of the resulting animated image is the same as the duration of the input, no matter how many frames are sampled from the original video/animated image (use the dl (delay) parameter to adjust the amount of time between frames).

Related flag: fl_animated

Learn more: Converting videos to animated images

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A qualifier that sets the desired width of an asset using a specified value, or automatically based on the available width.

A qualifier that determines how to automatically resize an image to match the width available for the image in a responsive layout. The parameter can be further customized by overriding the default rounding step or by using automatic breakpoints.

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The width is rounded up to the nearest rounding step (every 100 pixels by default) in order to avoid creating extra derived images and consuming too many extra transformations. Only works for certain browsers and when Client-Hints are enabled.

Use with: c_limit

Learn more: Automatic image width

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The width is rounded up to the nearest breakpoint, where the optimal breakpoints are calculated using either the default breakpoint request settings or using the given settings.

Use with: c_limit

Learn more: Responsive breakpoint request settings

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A qualifier that adjusts the starting location or offset of the corresponding transformation action.

• center, north_west, north, west: positive x = right, positive y = down, negative x = left, negative y = up
• north_east, east: positive x = left, positive y = down, negative x = right, negative y = up
• south_east: positive x = left, positive y = up, negative x = right, negative y = down
• south, south_west: positive x = right, positive y = up, negative x = left, negative y = down

Use with: c_crop | e_blur_region | e_displace | e_gradient_fade | e_pixelate_region | e_shadow | g_<compass position> | g_<special position> | l_layer | u (underlay)

Learn more: Controlling gravity | Placing overlays

See also: Arithmetic expressions

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A qualifier that controls how close to crop to the detected coordinates when using face-detection, custom-coordinate, or object-specific gravity (when using the Cloudinary AI Content Analysis addon).

Use with: c_auto | c_crop | c_thumb

• When used with the thumb or auto resize modes, the detected coordinates are scaled to completely fill the requested dimensions and then cropped as needed.
• When used with the crop resize mode, the zoom qualifier has an impact only if resize dimensions (height and/or width) are not specified. In this case, the crop dimensions are determined by the detected coordinates and then adjusted based on the requested zoom.
  

Learn more: Creating image thumbnails

See also: Arithmetic expressions

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