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Pub/Sub notifications for Cloud Storage

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Setup

This page provides an overview of Pub/Sub notifications for Cloud Storage.

Pub/Sub notifications sends information about changes to objects in your buckets to Pub/Sub, where the information is added to a Pub/Sub topic of your choice in the form of messages. For example, you can track objects that are created and deleted in your bucket. Each notification contains information describing both the event that triggered it and the object that changed.

You can send notifications to any Pub/Sub topic in any project for which you have sufficient permissions. Once received by the Pub/Sub topic, subscribers to the topic can receive the associated message. See Configure Pub/Sub notifications for Cloud Storage for information on connecting your Cloud Storage buckets to a Pub/Sub topic.

Subscribing to Pub/Sub notifications is a versatile way to trigger alerts and actions in response to changes in a bucket. The following options are also available:

• Cloud Run functions: If you only want to trigger a lightweight, stand-alone function in response to events and don't want to manage a Pub/Sub topic, use Cloud Run functions. Cloud Run functions allow you to execute C#, Go, Java, Node.js, Python, PHP, and Ruby functions when an object in your bucket changes. Note that your bucket must reside in the same project as Cloud Run functions. See the associated tutorial for a demonstration of using Cloud Run functions with Cloud Storage.

A notification configuration is a rule you attach to a bucket that specifies:

• The topic in Pub/Sub that receives notifications.
• The events that trigger a notification to be sent.
• The information contained within notifications.

You can attach multiple notification configurations to a bucket. A bucket can have up to 100 total notification configurations and up to 10 notification configurations set to trigger for a specific event.

For example, if you have a notification configuration that sends deletion notifications to one Pub/Sub topic, you can add a second notification configuration to the bucket that sends deletion notifications to another topic. However, if you try to create more than 10 notification configurations that do this, you receive an error. In addition to these notification configurations, you can also create notification configurations that send notifications for other events, such as object creation, either to Pub/Sub topics used by the deletion notifications, or to different topics.

Each notification configuration is identified by an integer. This integer is returned:

• When you create the notification configuration.
• When you list the notification configurations attached to a bucket.
• In the notificationConfig attribute of each notification triggered by the notification configuration.

Creating and deleting notification configurations increment a bucket's metageneration number.

The following is a list of event types supported by Cloud Storage:

For other Cloud Storage events, such as bucket operations or object reads, you can enable the appropriate type of audit log in Cloud Audit Logs and route the audit logs to Pub/Sub using a filter.

Replacing an existing object with a new one of the same name triggers two separate events: OBJECT_FINALIZE for the new version of the object and either OBJECT_ARCHIVE or OBJECT_DELETE for the replaced object. The OBJECT_FINALIZE event contains an additional attribute overwroteGeneration, which provides the generation number of the object that was replaced. The OBJECT_ARCHIVE or OBJECT_DELETE event contains an additional attribute overwrittenByGeneration, which provides the generation number of the new object.

Notifications sent to the Pub/Sub topic consist of two parts:

• Attributes: A set of key:value pairs describing the event.
• Payload: A string that contains the metadata of the changed object.

Attributes are key:value pairs contained in all notifications sent by Cloud Storage to your Pub/Sub topic. Notifications always contain the following set of key:value pairs, regardless of the notification's payload:

Notifications sometimes contain the following set of key:value pairs, regardless of the notification's payload:

In addition to the above attributes, a notification configuration can contain up to 10 custom attributes. Custom attributes are defined when creating a notification configuration, using the --custom-attributes in a gcloud storage command, or the custom_attributes object in the body of a POST notificationConfigs JSON request.

The payload is a string that contains the metadata of the changed object. When you create a notification configuration, you specify a type of payload to include in notifications triggered by that configuration. You can specify the following types of payload:

For OBJECT_DELETE notifications, the metadata contained in the payload represents the object metadata as it was before the delete, along with an additional timeDeleted property. For all other notifications, the metadata included in the payload represents the object metadata after the change occurs.

For example, say you have a notification configuration that tracks OBJECT_METADATA_UPDATE events. If a user changes the contentType property of an object from binary/octet-stream to video/mp4, an OBJECT_METADATA_UPDATE notification is sent, and the metadata in the payload includes "contentType":"video/mp4".

When you add a notification configuration, Cloud Storage may take up to 30 seconds to begin sending notifications associated with it. Once started, Cloud Storage guarantees at-least-once delivery to Pub/Sub. Pub/Sub also offers at-least-once delivery to the recipient, which means that you could receive multiple messages, with multiple IDs, that represent the same Cloud Storage event.

Notifications are not guaranteed to be published in the order Pub/Sub receives them. If you plan to modify the Cloud Storage object based on a notification, it is recommended that you use the object's generation and metageneration numbers as preconditions on your update request.

If a notification consistently cannot be delivered to a Pub/Sub topic, Cloud Storage may delete the notification after 7 days. Delivery failure can occur when the Pub/Sub topic no longer exists, when Cloud Storage no longer has permission to publish to the topic, or when the project that owns the topic exceeds its publishing quota.

• Configure Pub/Sub notifications for Cloud Storage.
• Learn more about Pub/Sub.
• Subscribe a bucket to receive notifications sent to Pub/Sub.
• Use Cloud Run functions to deliver events with a Cloud Storage trigger.
• Use Pub/Sub notifications for event-driven transfers between Cloud Storage buckets.

Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2025-10-02 UTC.

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