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Invoke online predictions from Cloud SQL instances | Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL

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This page shows you how to invoke online predictions from a Cloud SQL instance.

Cloud SQL lets you get online predictions in your SQL code by calling the ml_predict_row() function. For more information, see Build generative AI applications using Cloud SQL.

Before you can invoke online predictions from a Cloud SQL instance, you must prepare your database and select an appropriate ML model.

1. To prepare your database, set up integration between Cloud SQL and Vertex AI.

2. Grant permissions for database users to use the ml_predict_row() function to run predictions:

   1. Connect a psql client to the primary instance, as described in Connect using a a psql client.

   2. At the psql command prompt, connect to the database and grant permissions:

      \c DB_NAME
      
      GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION ml_predict_row TO USER_NAME;
      

      Replace the following:

      • DB_NAME: the name of the database for which you're granting permissions

      • USER_NAME: the name of the user for whom you're granting permissions

When you call the ml_predict_row() function, you must specify the location of an ML model. The model that you specify can be one of these:

• A model that's running in the Vertex AI Model Garden.

  The ml_predict_row() function supports invoking predictions only on tabular or custom models.

• A Vertex AI model with an active endpoint that you have Identity and Access Management (IAM) permission to access.

  Cloud SQL doesn't support private endpoints for getting online predictions.

You can use the ml_predict_row() SQL function to invoke online predictions against your data.

The format of the function's initial argument depends on whether the ML model that you want to use is in the Vertex AI Model Garden or is an endpoint running in a Google Cloud project.

To invoke an online prediction using an ML model that's running in the Vertex AI Model Garden, use the following syntax for the ml_predict_row() SQL function:

Make the following replacements:

• MODEL_ID: the ID of the ML model to use (for example, gemini-2.0)

• INSTANCES: the inputs to the prediction call, in JSON format

• PARAMETERS: the parameters to the prediction call, in JSON format

SELECT ML_PREDICT_ROW('publishers/google/models/MODEL_ID', '{ "instances": [ INSTANCES ], "parameters":
PARAMETERS }');

For information about the model's JSON response messages, see

. For examples, see

.

To invoke an online prediction using a Vertex AI model endpoint, use the following syntax for the ml_predict_row() SQL function:

Make the following replacements:

• ENDPOINT_ID: the ID of the model's endpoint

• INSTANCES: the inputs to the prediction call, in JSON format

• PARAMETERS: the parameters to the prediction call, in JSON format

For information about the model's JSON response messages, see PredictResponse.

The following example uses PaLM 2 for Text, available in the Model Garden, to generate text based on a short prompt that's provided as a literal argument to ml_predict_row() :

select ML_PREDICT_ROW('projects/PROJECT_ID/locations/us-central1/publishers/google/models/text-bison', '{"instances":[{"prompt": "What are three advantages of using Cloud SQL as my SQL database server?"}], "parameters":{"maxOutputTokens":1024, "topK": 40, "topP":0.8, "temperature":0.2}}');

The response is a JSON object. For more information about the format of the object, see Response body.

The next example modifies the previous one in the following ways:

• The example uses the contents of the current database's messages.message column as input.

• The example demonstrates the use of the json_build_object() function as an aid to formatting the function's parameters.

select ML_PREDICT_ROW('projects/PROJECT_ID/locations/us-central1/publishers/google/models/text-bison', json_build_object('instances', json_build_object('prompt', message), 'parameters', json_build_object('maxOutputTokens', 1024,'topK', 40,'topP', 0.8,'temperature', 0.2))) from messages;

For every row in the messages table, the returned JSON object now contains one entry in its predictions array.

Because the response is a JSON object, you can pull specific fields from it:

For more example arguments to ml_predict_row(), see Try the Vertex AI Gemini API.

• Build generative AI applications using Cloud SQL

• Integrate Cloud SQL with Vertex AI

• Understand an example of an embedding workflow

• Build LLM-powered applications using LangChain

Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2025-08-14 UTC.

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