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Manage users with built-in authentication | Cloud SQL for MySQL

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This page describes how to enable and use Cloud SQL built-in authentication.

For an overview, see

Cloud SQL built-in database authentication

Before creating users

Create a Cloud SQL instance. For more information, see Create instances.
Enable password policies for the instance. For more information, see Instance password policies.
If you plan to use your database's administrative client to manage users, then do the following:
1. Connect the client to your instance. See Connection options for external applications.
2. Configure the default user on the instance by setting the password. See Set the password for the default user account.

Set the password for the default user account

When you create a new Cloud SQL instance, you must set a password for the default user account before you can connect to the instance.

For Cloud SQL for MySQL, the default user is

root@%

This signifies a database user with a username of

root

which can connect from any host (

@%

Console

In the Google Cloud console, go to the Cloud SQL Instances page.

Go to Cloud SQL Instances
To open the Overview page of an instance, click the instance name.
Select Users from the SQL navigation menu.
Find the root user and then select Change password from the more actions menu .
Consider the listed stipulations for the password, which are derived from the password policy set for the instance.
Provide a strong password that you can remember and click OK.

gcloud

Use the gcloud sql users set-password command as follows to set the password for the default user.

Replace INSTANCE_NAME with the name of the instance before running the command.

gcloud sql users set-password root \
--host=% \
--instance=INSTANCE_NAME \
--prompt-for-password

REST v1

To update the password for the default user account, use a PUT request with the users:update method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID
password: The password for the user

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=root&host=%25

Request JSON body:

{
  "name": "root",
  "password": "password"
}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

curl (Linux, macOS, or Cloud Shell) Note: The following command assumes that you have logged in to the gcloud CLI with your user account by running gcloud init or gcloud auth login , or by using Cloud Shell, which automatically logs you into the gcloud CLI . You can check the currently active account by running gcloud auth list.

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=root&host=%25"

PowerShell (Windows) Note: The following command assumes that you have logged in to the gcloud CLI with your user account by running gcloud init or gcloud auth login . You can check the currently active account by running gcloud auth list.

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }Invoke-WebRequest `

    -Method PUT `
    -Headers $headers `
    -ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
    -InFile request.json `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=root&host=%25" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:44.801Z",
  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",
  "name": "operation-id",
  "targetId": "instance-id",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/operations/operation-id",
  "targetProject": "project-id"
}

REST v1beta4

To update the password for the default user account, use a PUT request with the users:update method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID
password: The password for the user

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=root&host=%25

Request JSON body:

{
  "name": "root",
  "password": "password"
}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=root&host=%25"

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }Invoke-WebRequest `

    -Method PUT `
    -Headers $headers `
    -ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
    -InFile request.json `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=root&host=%25" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:44.801Z",
  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",
  "name": "operation-id",
  "targetId": "instance-id",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/operations/operation-id",
  "targetProject": "project-id"
}

Create a user

After setting up the default user account, you can create other users.

Note: Cloud SQL for MySQL 8.0 uses mysql_native_password as the default authentication plugin for new users instead of caching_sha2_password. . However, Cloud SQL for MySQL 8.4 uses caching_sha2_password for the default authentication plugin for new users. For more information, see MySQL authentication. Console

In the Google Cloud console, go to the Cloud SQL Instances page.

Go to Cloud SQL Instances
To open the Overview page of an instance, click the instance name.
Select Users from the SQL navigation menu.
Click Add user account.
In the Add a user account to instance instance_name page, you can choose whether the user authenticates with the built-in database method (username and password) or as an IAM user.
Select Built-in authentication (the default) and add the following information:
- A User name.
- Optional. A Password. Provide a strong password that you can remember.
- Optional. The user password policy.
- In the Host name section, the default is Allow any host, which means that the user can connect from any IP address. Optionally, select Restrict host by IP address or address range and enter an IP address or address range in the Host section. The user can then connect only from the IP address or addresses specified.
Click Add.

Users created on instances using MySQL 8.0 or later and Cloud SQL's authentication method are granted the cloudsqlsuperuser role automatically and have the following privileges associated with this role: CREATEROLE, CREATEDB, and LOGIN.

Users created on instances using MySQL 5.7 and Cloud SQL's authentication method are granted all privileges except for FILE and SUPER automatically. If you need to change the privileges for these users, then use the GRANT or REVOKE command in the mysql client.

For more information about these user accounts and privileges, see Other MySQL user accounts.

gcloud

To create a user, use the gcloud sql users create command.

Replace the following:

USER_NAME: The user name.
HOST: The user's host name as a specific IP address, address range, or any host (%).
INSTANCE_NAME: The name of the instance.
PASSWORD: The password for the user.

gcloud sql users create USER_NAME \
--host=HOST \
--instance=INSTANCE_NAME \
--password=PASSWORD

For more information about these user accounts and privileges, see Other MySQL user accounts.

User name length limits are the same for Cloud SQL as for on-premises MySQL; 32 characters for MySQL 8.0 and later, 16 characters for earlier versions.

When you create a user, you can add user password policy parameters.

Note: If you use the gcloud sql users create command to create a user, Cloud SQL doesn't check to see if the user exists. If a user with the same name exists, the command overwrites the user. Terraform

To create a user, use a Terraform resource.

Apply the changes

To apply your Terraform configuration in a Google Cloud project, complete the steps in the following sections.

Prepare Cloud Shell

Launch Cloud Shell.
Set the default Google Cloud project where you want to apply your Terraform configurations.

You only need to run this command once per project, and you can run it in any directory.
```
export GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT=PROJECT_ID
```
Environment variables are overridden if you set explicit values in the Terraform configuration file.

Prepare the directory

Each Terraform configuration file must have its own directory (also called a root module).

In Cloud Shell, create a directory and a new file within that directory. The filename must have the .tf extension—for example main.tf. In this tutorial, the file is referred to as main.tf.
```
mkdir DIRECTORY && cd DIRECTORY && touch main.tf
```
If you are following a tutorial, you can copy the sample code in each section or step.

Copy the sample code into the newly created main.tf.

Optionally, copy the code from GitHub. This is recommended when the Terraform snippet is part of an end-to-end solution.
Review and modify the sample parameters to apply to your environment.
Save your changes.
Initialize Terraform. You only need to do this once per directory.
```
terraform init
```
Optionally, to use the latest Google provider version, include the -upgrade option:
```
terraform init -upgrade
```

Apply the changes

Review the configuration and verify that the resources that Terraform is going to create or update match your expectations:
```
terraform plan
```
Make corrections to the configuration as necessary.
Apply the Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt:
```
terraform apply
```
Wait until Terraform displays the "Apply complete!" message.
Open your Google Cloud project to view the results. In the Google Cloud console, navigate to your resources in the UI to make sure that Terraform has created or updated them.

Note: Terraform samples typically assume that the required APIs are enabled in your Google Cloud project. Delete the changes

To delete your changes, do the following:

To disable deletion protection, in your Terraform configuration file set the deletion_protection argument to false.
```
deletion_protection =  "false"
```
Apply the updated Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt:
```
terraform apply
```

Remove resources previously applied with your Terraform configuration by running the following command and entering yes at the prompt:
```
terraform destroy
```

REST v1

To create a user, use a POST request with the users:insert method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID
user-id: The ID of the user
password: The password for the user

HTTP method and URL:

POST https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users

Request JSON body:

{
  "name": "user-id",
  "password": "password"
}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X POST \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users"

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `

-Method POST `
-Headers $headers `
-ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
-InFile request.json `
-Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:16.656Z",
  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:16.686Z",
  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:20.437Z",
  "operationType": "CREATE_USER",
  "name": "operation-id",
  "targetId": "instance-id",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/operations/operation-id",
  "targetProject": "project-id"
}

For more information about these user accounts and privileges, see Other MySQL user accounts.

User name length limits are the same for Cloud SQL as for on-premises MySQL; 32 characters for MySQL 8.0 and later, 16 characters for earlier versions.

When you create a user, you can add user password policy parameters.

REST v1beta4

To create a user, use a POST request with the users:insert method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID
user-id: The ID of the user
password: The password for the user

HTTP method and URL:

POST https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users

Request JSON body:

{
  "name": "user-id",
  "password": "password"
}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X POST \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users"

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `

-Method POST `
-Headers $headers `
-ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
-InFile request.json `
-Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:16.656Z",
  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:16.686Z",
  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:44:20.437Z",
  "operationType": "CREATE_USER",
  "name": "operation-id",
  "targetId": "instance-id",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/operations/operation-id",
  "targetProject": "project-id"
}

For more information about these user accounts and privileges, see Other MySQL user accounts.

User name length limits are the same for Cloud SQL as for on-premises MySQL; 32 characters for MySQL 8.0 and later, 16 characters for earlier versions.

When you create a user, you can add user password policy parameters.

mysql Client

To create a user, at the mysql prompt, use the following CREATE USER statement:
```
  CREATE USER 'USER_NAME'@'%'
     IDENTIFIED BY 'PASSWORD';
  
```
Optionally, add the user password policy parameters.

You can confirm the user creation by displaying the user table:

SELECT user, host FROM mysql.user;

For a Second Generation instance, the output looks similar to this example:

+----------+-----------+
| user     | host      |
+----------+-----------+
| root     | %         |
| newuser  | %         |
+----------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

Give the user privileges with the GRANT statement. For more information, see Privileges Provided by MySQL.
Flush the mysql.user table to ensure that the change persists:
```
  FLUSH TABLES mysql.user;
```

Set a user password policy

You can set a password policy with the built-in authentication type.

Note: Password policies don't apply to encrypted passwords. Console

In the Google Cloud console, go to the Cloud SQL Instances page.

Go to Cloud SQL Instances
To open the Overview page of an instance, click the instance name.
Select Users from the SQL navigation menu.
Click more actions for the user whose policy you want to change.
Select Edit password policy.
In the Password policy section, select one or more of the following options:
- Set password to expire: Specifies the number of days after which the password expires and the user needs to create a new one.
- Lock after failed attempts: Specifies the number of times that a user can try the password incorrectly before the account is locked.
  Supported only on Cloud SQL for MySQL 8.0 and later.
- Require current password when password is changed: Requires users to enter their existing password when attempting to change it.
User password policy options are supported on Cloud SQL for MySQL 8.0 and later. The Set password to expire option is also supported on Cloud SQL for MySQL 5.7.

gcloud

To set the user password policy, use the gcloud sql users set-password-policy command.

Use the --password-policy-enable-password-verification to make it mandatory for users to enter their existing password when attempting to change the password. To disable this parameter, use --no-password-policy-enable-password-verification.

Replace the following:

USER_NAME: The user name.
INSTANCE_NAME: The name of the instance.
HOST: The user's host name as a specific IP address, address range, or any host (%).
PASSWORD_POLICY_ALLOWED_FAILED_ATTEMPTS: Optional: The number of times that a user can try the password incorrectly before the account is locked. Use --password-policy-enable-failed-attempts-check to enable and --no-password-policy-enable-failed-attempts-check to disable the check.
PASSWORD_POLICY_PASSWORD_EXPIRATION_DURATION: Optional: Specifies the number of days after which the password expires and the user needs to create a new one.

User password policy options are supported on Cloud SQL for MySQL 8.0 and later. The --password-policy-password-expiration-duration option is also supported on Cloud SQL for MySQL 5.7.

gcloud sql users set-password-policy USER_NAME \
--instance=INSTANCE_NAME \
--host=HOST \
--password-policy-enable-failed-attempts-check \
--password-policy-allowed-failed-attempts=PASSWORD_POLICY_ALLOWED_FAILED_ATTEMPTS \
--password-policy-password-expiration-duration=PASSWORD_POLICY_PASSWORD_EXPIRATION_DURATION \
--password-policy-enable-password-verification

To remove a user password policy, use the --clear-password-policy parameter.

gcloud sql users set-password-policy USER_NAME \
--instance=INSTANCE_NAME \
--host=HOST \
--clear-password-policy

To view the user password policy, see List users.

REST v1

To set a user password policy, use a PUT request with the users:update method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

PROJECT_ID: your project ID
INSTANCE_ID: the instance ID
USER_ID: the ID of the user
PASSWORD: the password of the user
FAILED_ATTEMPTS_CHECK: set to true to enable a check for the number of failed attempts to log in after which the account is locked
NUMBER_OF_ATTEMPTS: the number of failed attempts to log in after which the account is locked
PASSWORD_EXPIRATION_DURATION: the number of days after which the password expires and the user needs to create a new one
VERIFY_PASSWORD: set to true to make it mandatory for users to enter their existing password when attempting to change the password

User password policy options are supported on Cloud SQL for MySQL 8.0. The passwordExpirationDuration option is also supported on Cloud SQL for MySQL 5.7.

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID

Request JSON body:

{
  "name": "USER_ID",
  "password": "PASSWORD",
  "data":
  {
    "passwordValidationUserPolicy" : {
      {
        "enableFailedAttemptsCheck" : "FAILED_ATTEMPTS_CHECK",
        "allowedFailedAttempts" : "NUMBER_OF_ATTEMPTS",
        "passwordExpirationDuration" : "PASSWORD_EXPIRATION_DURATION",
        "enablePasswordVerification" : "VERIFY_PASSWORD"
      }
    },
  }
}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID"

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `

-Method PUT `
-Headers $headers `
-ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
-InFile request.json `
-Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

Response

{
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",
  "startTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",
  "endTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:09.125Z",
  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",
  "name": "OPERATION_ID",
  "targetId": "INSTANCE_ID",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/operations/OPERATION_ID",
  "targetProject": "PROJECT_ID"
}

To view the user password policy, see List users.

REST v1beta4

To set a user password policy, use a PUT request with the users:update method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

PROJECT_ID: your project ID
INSTANCE_ID: the instance ID
USER_ID: the ID of the user
PASSWORD: the password of the user
FAILED_ATTEMPTS_CHECK: set to true to enable a check for the number of failed attempts to log in after which the account is locked
NUMBER_OF_ATTEMPTS: the number of failed attempts to log in after which the account is locked
PASSWORD_EXPIRATION_DURATION: the number of days after which the password expires and the user needs to create a new one
VERIFY_PASSWORD: set to true to make it mandatory for users to enter their existing password when attempting to change the password

User password policy options are supported on Cloud SQL for MySQL 8.0. The passwordExpirationDuration option is also supported on Cloud SQL for MySQL 5.7.

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID

Request JSON body:

{
  "name": "USER_ID",
  "password": "PASSWORD",
  "data":
  {
    "passwordValidationUserPolicy" : {
      {
        "enableFailedAttemptsCheck" : "FAILED_ATTEMPTS_CHECK",
        "allowedFailedAttempts" : "NUMBER_OF_ATTEMPTS",
        "passwordExpirationDuration" : "PASSWORD_EXPIRATION_DURATION",
        "enablePasswordVerification" : "VERIFY_PASSWORD"
      }
    },
  }
}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID"

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `

-Method PUT `
-Headers $headers `
-ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
-InFile request.json `
-Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

Response

{
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",
  "startTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",
  "endTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:09.125Z",
  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",
  "name": "OPERATION_ID",
  "targetId": "INSTANCE_ID",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/operations/OPERATION_ID",
  "targetProject": "PROJECT_ID"
}

To view the user password policy, see List users.

mysql Client

To set a user password policy, at the mysql prompt, use the following ALTER USER statement:

ALTER USER USER_NAME
    FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS ALLOWED_FAILED_ATTEMPTS
    PASSWORD EXPIRE INTERVAL PASSWORD_EXPIRATION_DURATION DAY
    PASSWORD REQUIRE CURRENT;

Replace the following:

USER_NAME: The user name.
ALLOWED_FAILED_ATTEMPTS: Optional: The number of times that a user can try the password incorrectly before the account is locked.
PASSWORD_EXPIRATION_DURATION: Optional: Specifies the number of days after which the password expires and the user needs to create a new one.

Use the PASSWORD REQUIRE CURRENT option to make it mandatory for users to enter their existing password when attempting to change the password.

User password policy options are supported on Cloud SQL for MySQL 8.0 and later. The PASSWORD EXPIRE INTERVAL option is also supported on Cloud SQL for MySQL 5.7.

To view the user password policy, see List users.

List users Console

In the Google Cloud console, go to the Cloud SQL Instances page.

Go to Cloud SQL Instances
To open the Overview page of an instance, click the instance name.
Select Users from the SQL navigation menu.
The list shows the User name, Host name, and Authentication type for each user.

Additionally, for the built-in authentication type, the Password status is also indicated.

gcloud

Use the gcloud sql users list command to list the users for this instance:

gcloud sql users list \
--instance=INSTANCE_NAME

The command returns the Name, Host, and authentication Type for each user.

Additionally, for the built-in authentication type, the password policy settings and status are returned. For example:

    NAME    HOST    TYPE        PASSWORD_POLICY
    user1           BUILT_IN    {'allowedFailedAttempts': 2,
                                 'enableFailedAttemptsCheck': True,
                                 'passwordExpirationDuration': '7d',
                                 'status': {
                                   'locked': True,
                                   'passwordExpirationTime': '2022-07-01T19:53:45.822742904Z'
                                 }
                                }

REST v1

To list the users defined for an instance, use a GET request with the users:list method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID

HTTP method and URL:

GET https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users

To send your request, expand one of these options:

Execute the following command:

curl -X GET \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users"

Execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `

-Method GET `
-Headers $headers `
-Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{
  "kind": "sql#usersList",
  "items": [
    {
      "kind": "sql#user",
      "etag": "--redacted--",
      "name": "sqlserver",
      "host": "",
      "instance": "instance-id",
      "project": "project-id",
      "sqlserverUserDetails": {
        "serverRoles": [
          "CustomerDbRootRole"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "kind": "sql#user",
      "etag": "--redacted--",
      "name": "user-id-1",
      "host": "",
      "instance": "instance-id",
      "project": "project-id",
      "sqlserverUserDetails": {
        "serverRoles": [
          "CustomerDbRootRole"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "kind": "sql#user",
      "etag": "--redacted--",
      "name": "user-id-2",
      "host": "",
      "instance": "instance-id",
      "project": "project-id",
      "sqlserverUserDetails": {
        "serverRoles": [
          "CustomerDbRootRole"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      ...
    },
    {
      ...
    }
  ]
}

If a user password policy was set, the items section of the response includes a passwordPolicy section. The following code sample shows the passwordPolicy section.

  {
  ...
  "passwordValidationUserPolicy" : {
    {
      "enableFailedAttemptsCheck" : true,
      "allowedFailedAttempts" : 8,
      "passwordExpirationDuration" : "7d",
      "enablePasswordVerification" : true
    }
  },
  ...
}

REST v1beta4

To list the users defined for an instance, use a GET request with the users:list method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID

HTTP method and URL:

GET https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users

To send your request, expand one of these options:

Execute the following command:

curl -X GET \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users"

Execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `

-Method GET `
-Headers $headers `
-Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{
  "kind": "sql#usersList",
  "items": [
    {
      "kind": "sql#user",
      "etag": "--redacted--",
      "name": "sqlserver",
      "host": "",
      "instance": "instance-id",
      "project": "project-id",
      "sqlserverUserDetails": {
        "serverRoles": [
          "CustomerDbRootRole"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "kind": "sql#user",
      "etag": "--redacted--",
      "name": "user-id-1",
      "host": "",
      "instance": "instance-id",
      "project": "project-id",
      "sqlserverUserDetails": {
        "serverRoles": [
          "CustomerDbRootRole"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "kind": "sql#user",
      "etag": "--redacted--",
      "name": "user-id-2",
      "host": "",
      "instance": "instance-id",
      "project": "project-id",
      "sqlserverUserDetails": {
        "serverRoles": [
          "CustomerDbRootRole"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      ...
    },
    {
      ...
    }
  ]
}

If a user password policy was set, the items section of the response includes a passwordPolicy section. The following code sample shows the passwordPolicy section.

  {
  ...
  "passwordValidationUserPolicy" : {
    {
      "enableFailedAttemptsCheck" : true,
      "allowedFailedAttempts" : 8,
      "passwordExpirationDuration" : "7d",
      "enablePasswordVerification" : true
    }
  },
  ...
}

mysql Client

To list MySQL users, at the mysql prompt, use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT user, host FROM mysql.user;

For a Second Generation instance with only the root user account configured, the output looks similar to this example:

+------+-----------+
| user | host      |
+------+-----------+
| root | %         |
+------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

This example shows the users for an instance with the root user. This user can connect from any host (%). The password field shows the hash of the password.

Note: You can't use the Google Cloud console or gcloud to display system users. Change a user password

User passwords can be changed in one of the following ways.

Console

In the Google Cloud console, go to the Cloud SQL Instances page.

Go to Cloud SQL Instances
To open the Overview page of an instance, click the instance name.
Select Users from the SQL navigation menu.
Click more actions for the user you want to update.
Select Change password.
Specify a new password.
Additionally, if you want to continue to use your older password, select the Retain current password checkbox.
Click OK.

gcloud

Use the gcloud sql users set-password command to change a password.

Replace the following:

USER_NAME: The user name.
HOST: The user's host name as a specific IP address, address range, or any host (%).
INSTANCE_NAME: The name of the instance.
PASSWORD: A password. It must meet the requirements of password policies, if set.

Optionally, for MySQL 8.0 and later, you can continue to allow the user to use the older password with the --retain-password option. To discard the older password, use the --discard-dual-password option.

gcloud sql users set-password USER_NAME \
--host=HOST \
--instance=INSTANCE_NAME \
--password=PASSWORD

REST v1

To change a user password, use a PUT request with the users:update method.

The following request updates the password for the user account user_name'@'%. If your user has a different host, you must modify the call with the correct host.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID
user-id: The ID of the user
password: The new password for the user
dual-password: One of these enum values:
- DUAL_PASSWORD: The user can continue to use the older password.
- NO_DUAL_PASSWORD: The user cannot use the older password.
- NO_MODIFY_DUAL_PASSWORD: The dual password status stays unchanged.

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id

Request JSON body:

{
  "name": "user-id",
  "password": "password",
  "retainedPassword" : "dual-password"
}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id"

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `

-Method PUT `
-Headers $headers `
-ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
-InFile request.json `
-Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:44.801Z",
  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",
  "name": "operation-id",
  "targetId": "instance-id",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/project-id/operations/operation-id",
  "targetProject": "project-id"
}

REST v1beta4

To change a user password, use a PUT request with the users:update method.

The following request updates the password for the user account user_name'@'%. If your user has a different host, you must modify the call with the correct host.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

project-id: Your project ID
instance-id: The desired instance ID
user-id: The ID of the user
password: The new password for the user
dual-password: One of these enum values:
- DUAL_PASSWORD: The user can continue to use the older password.
- NO_DUAL_PASSWORD: The user cannot use the older password.
- NO_MODIFY_DUAL_PASSWORD: The dual password status stays unchanged.

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id

Request JSON body:

{
  "name": "user-id",
  "password": "password",
  "retainedPassword" : "dual-password"
}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id"

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `

-Method PUT `
-Headers $headers `
-ContentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8" `
-InFile request.json `
-Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id/users?name=user-id" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/instances/instance-id",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:44.801Z",
  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",
  "name": "operation-id",
  "targetId": "instance-id",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/project-id/operations/operation-id",
  "targetProject": "project-id"
}

mysql Client

To change the password, at the mysql prompt, use the following SET PASSWORD statement:
```
SET PASSWORD FOR USER_NAME = PASSWORD('auth_string');
```
Flush the mysql.user table to ensure that the change persists:
```
FLUSH TABLES mysql.user;
```

If a user is locked out due to password policy settings, change the password to unlock them. Ensure that passwords, when changed, adhere to the password policy.

Remove a user password policy

You can remove a password policy from a user that has the built-in authentication type.

gcloud

To remove the user password policy, use the gcloud sql users set-password-policy command and the --clear-password-policy parameter.

Replace the following:

USER_NAME: the user name
INSTANCE_NAME: the name of the instance
HOST: the user's host name as a specific IP address, address range, or any host (%)

gcloud sql users set-password-policy USER_NAME \
--instance=INSTANCE_NAME \
--host=HOST \
--clear-password-policy

REST v1

To remove a user password policy, use a PUT request with the users:update method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

PROJECT_ID: your project ID
INSTANCE_ID: the instance ID
USER_ID: the ID of the user
PASSWORD: the password of the user

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID

Request JSON body:

{
  "name": "USER_ID",
  "password": "PASSWORD",
  "data":
  {
    "passwordValidationUserPolicy" : {}
  }
}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID"

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

Response

{
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",
  "startTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",
  "endTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:09.125Z",
  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",
  "name": "OPERATION_ID",
  "targetId": "INSTANCE_ID",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/operations/OPERATION_ID",
  "targetProject": "PROJECT_ID"
}

REST v1beta4

To remove a user password policy, use a PUT request with the users:update method.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

PROJECT_ID: your project ID
INSTANCE_ID: the instance ID
USER_ID: the ID of the user
PASSWORD: the password of the user

HTTP method and URL:

PUT https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID

Request JSON body:

{
  "name": "USER_ID",
  "password": "PASSWORD",
  "data":
  {
    "passwordValidationUserPolicy" : {}
  }
}

To send your request, expand one of these options:

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

curl -X PUT \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8" \
     -d @request.json \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?name=USER_ID"

Save the request body in a file named request.json, and execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }

Invoke-WebRequest `

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

Response

{
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",
  "startTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:08.132Z",
  "endTime": "2021-11-02T19:12:09.125Z",
  "operationType": "UPDATE_USER",
  "name": "OPERATION_ID",
  "targetId": "INSTANCE_ID",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/operations/OPERATION_ID",
  "targetProject": "PROJECT_ID"
}

Remove a user

The default user can remove users.

The methods described in this section do not allow you to remove an anonymous user from your Cloud SQL instance. MySQL includes an anonymous user that allows anyone to connect to the MySQL server without a user account. If you want to remove an anonymous user, connect to your Cloud SQL instance and remove the user manually. For more information about removing anonymous users, refer to the MySQL official documentation.

Before removing a user, you must drop all the objects it owns or reassign their ownership, and revoke any privileges the role has been granted on other objects.

Console

In the Google Cloud console, go to the Cloud SQL Instances page.

Go to Cloud SQL Instances
To open the Overview page of an instance, click the instance name.
Select Users from the SQL navigation menu.
Click more actions for the user you want to remove.
Select Remove and then select Remove again.

gcloud

Use the gcloud sql users delete command to remove a user.

Replace the following:

USER_NAME: The user name.
HOST: The user's host name as a specific IP address, address range, or any host (%).
INSTANCE_NAME: The name of the instance.

gcloud sql users delete USER_NAME \
--host=HOST \
--instance=INSTANCE_NAME

REST v1

The request below uses the users:delete method to delete the specified user account.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

PROJECT_ID: Your project ID
INSTANCE_ID: The desired instance ID
USERNAME: The email address for the user or service account

HTTP method and URL:

DELETE https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?host=&name=USERNAME

To send your request, expand one of these options:

Execute the following command:

curl -X DELETE \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?host=&name=USERNAME"

Execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }Invoke-WebRequest `

    -Method DELETE `
    -Headers $headers `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?host=&name=USERNAME" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:44.801Z",
  "operationType": "DELETE_USER",
  "name": "OPERATION_ID",
  "targetId": "INSTANCE_ID",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/v1/projects/PROJECT_ID/operations/OPERATION_ID",
  "targetProject": "PROJECT_ID"
}

REST v1beta4

The request below uses the users:delete method to delete the specified user account.

Before using any of the request data, make the following replacements:

PROJECT_ID: Your project ID
INSTANCE_ID: The desired instance ID
USERNAME: The email address for the user or service account

HTTP method and URL:

DELETE https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?host=&name=USERNAME

To send your request, expand one of these options:

Execute the following command:

curl -X DELETE \
     -H "Authorization: Bearer $(gcloud auth print-access-token)" \
     "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?host=&name=USERNAME"

Execute the following command:

$cred = gcloud auth print-access-token
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer $cred" }Invoke-WebRequest `

    -Method DELETE `
    -Headers $headers `
    -Uri "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/users?host=&name=USERNAME" | Select-Object -Expand Content

You should receive a JSON response similar to the following:

{
  "kind": "sql#operation",
  "targetLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID",
  "status": "DONE",
  "user": "user@example.com",
  "insertTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "startTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:41.217Z",
  "endTime": "2020-02-07T22:38:44.801Z",
  "operationType": "DELETE_USER",
  "name": "OPERATION_ID",
  "targetId": "INSTANCE_ID",
  "selfLink": "https://sqladmin.googleapis.com/sql/v1beta4/projects/PROJECT_ID/operations/OPERATION_ID",
  "targetProject": "PROJECT_ID"
}

mysql Client

To delete a user, at the mysql prompt, use the following DROP USER statement:
```
DROP USER 'USER_NAME'@'HOST_NAME';
```
Flush the mysql.user table to ensure that the change persists:
```
FLUSH TABLES mysql.user;
```

Update user properties

To update user properties such as host or privileges, you must use the

mysql

client. For more information, see

MySQL User Account Management

in the MySQL documentation.

What's next

Learn more about how Cloud SQL works with users.
Read the MySQL documentation about user creation.
Learn about connecting to instances.

Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2025-07-02 UTC.

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